Histology B

Front 1

annuli fibrosi

Back 1

- 4 rings around each valve base of the heart
- anchors and provides electrical insulation

Front 2

trigona fibrosa

Back 2

2 triangles that link the 4 annuli fibrosi in the heart

Front 3

septum membranaceum

Back 3

fibrous membrane in the upper interventricular septum of the heart

Front 4

elastic artery

Back 4

known from lamellar unit
- elastic
- reticular
- smooth muscle

Front 5

difference b/w vein valve and lymphatic valve

Back 5

vein: fold in tunica intima
lymph: just endothelium

Front 6

vena cava

Back 6

noted by no tunica media and huge fibroelastic adventitia.

smooth muscle fibers are longitudinally oriented

- also the vasa vasorum can penetrate to the intima

Front 7

pericyte

Back 7

cells line basal lamina in blood vessels
- parallel to long axis of vessel
- angiogenesis/phagocytosis

Front 8

where is lymphatic system NOT present

Back 8

-CNS
-bone
-placenta
-cartilage

Front 9

Theca

Back 9

cytoplasmic cup underneath the mucin in EM of goblet cell

Front 10

eccrine sweat gland

Back 10

simple coiled tubular gland

Front 11

chemical differences between serous and mucous

Back 11

serous: contains more protein and is this easier to fix and stain

mucous: more carbs and does not fix well

Front 12

classify glands by secretion

Back 12

mucous
serous
seromucous

Front 13

classify glands by morphology

Back 13

simple/compound
branched/unbranched
tubular/coiled/acinar

i.e. simple coiled tubular
simple branched tubular

branched: multiple secretory elements empty into one duct

Front 14

classifications of glands

Back 14

- timing of secretion (constitutive/regulated)
- mode of delivery (exo/endocrine)
- mechanism of release (MEHA)
- cell number
- morphology
- chemical secretion

Front 15

how to tell if tubular gland is branched or not?

Back 15

if there are more profiles on bottom than top then you know that there is some branching!

Front 16

morphologies of ducts

Back 16

striated: withdraw Na and make hypotonic
intercalated: nothing
secretory: delivers secretions

Front 17

layers of the skin

Back 17

epidermis
dermis - papillary and reticular
hypodermis (not really)

Front 18

interpapillary ridges

Back 18

inward projections of epithelium into the epidermis right next to the dermal papillae

Front 19

Stratum of Malpighi

Back 19

another name for the strata basale and spinosum

Front 20

corneocyte

Back 20

denucleated cells that make up the nail plate

Front 21

eponychium

Back 21

ventral epithelium of the nail fold that rests on the nail plate

Front 22

cuticle

Back 22

corneal layer at the distal tip of the distal nail fold

Front 23

hyponychium

Back 23

skin underneath the distal nail plate
- thickened stratum corneum

Front 24

3 layers of the nail plate

Back 24

dorsal matrix - some mitotic activity
intermediate matrix - near proximal end, undulating surface, highly mitotic
ventral matrix - no real growth, extends all the way to the distal end of the nail plate

Front 25

hair follicle

Back 25

tubular epithelial sheatch from which the hair shaft grows

Front 26

hair shaft (3 parts)

Back 26

free portion of heair
medulla - small keratin
cortex - highly keratinized
cuticle - when hair surfaces. thin keratin

Front 27

composition of hair bulb

Back 27

hair root and dermal papilla

Front 28

glassy membrane

Back 28

distinct membrane external to the external root sheath of the hair follicle

- basement membrane of the hair follicle

Front 29

internal root sheath

Back 29

grows up from the hair bulb to the sebacceous gland (and disintegrates)

Front 30

external root sheath

Back 30

invagination of the stratum basale. surrounds the internal root sheath

Front 31

arrector pili

Back 31

smooth muscles connected to hair follicles

Front 32

apocrine sweat

Back 32

outgrowth of hair follicle in the axillary.

secretes androgen-sensitive protein products that are broken down by bacteria to give odor

Front 33

how to tell apocrine from eccrine

Back 33

apocrine is much more extensive labyrinth.
cells are tall cuboidal instead of low cuboidal

Front 34

symmetric vs assymetric stem cell division for skin

Back 34

symmetric: each stem cell divides into 2 daughter stem cells

assymetric: each stem cell divides into 1 daughter stem and 1 daughter differentiated cell

Front 35

3 phases of hair follicle growth

Back 35

ACT
anagen - 2-6 years growth!
catagen - 3 weeks minimal growth
telogen - 2-4 months no growth and hair sprouts

Front 36

skin tumors

Back 36

basal CC: most common, least dangerous [since cells are stuck]

squamous CC: middle, middle [can metastisize but not too much

Melanoma: least common, most dangerous

Front 37

pemphigus

Back 37

autoimmune attacks desmoglein and ruins desmosomes.

prone to blistering

Front 38

bullous pemphigoid

Back 38

damaged hemidesmosomes
so epidermis cannot stay in contact and no longer stable

Front 39

differences between thick and thin skin

Back 39

thick:
- deeper spinosum [more desmosomes]
- more corneum [withstand friction]
- thick dermal papillae [more hemidesmosomes]

Front 40

how does integument protect from pathogens

Back 40

- physical barrier
- low pH form sweat glands
- bacteriocide peptides from sweat glands
- langerhans cells

Front 41

how does integument protect from UV

Back 41

melanocytes secrete melanin
tyrosine -> tyrosinase -> melanin!

Front 42

albinism

Back 42

no tyrosinase

Front 43

vitiglo

Back 43

no melanocytes!

Front 44

4 steps to tanning

Back 44

-photo-oxidation of melanin
-re-distribution of melanin
-increased melanosomes
-increased melanocytes

Front 45

secretions from eccrine sweat gland

Back 45

Na,Cl,K
water
lactate
IgA
uric acid
urea
ammonia

Front 46

Langerhans cell

Back 46

antigen presenting phagocytes in the epidermis

Front 47

rickets

Back 47

not enough vitamin D in children

Front 48

osteomalcia

Back 48

not enough vitamin D in adults.

brittle bones...not enough Ca