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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The _______ _______ in birds is lined by the same types of epithelia characteristic of mammals.
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nasal cavity
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What is the nasal cavity of birds lined by?
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stratified squamous epithelium, olfactory epithelium dorsocaudally & respiratory epithelium
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The _____ is similar to that of mammals except that the cartilaginous rings are complete & intraepithelial glands are numerous.
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trachea
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The _______ is located at the junction of trachea & bronchi.
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syrinx
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______ is an inverted "Y" shaped structure and has tympanic membranes that vibrate during production of sound and is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
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syrinx
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What region of the lungs are lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells & intraepithelial mucous glands.
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primary bronchi
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The _______ ________ layer of the lungs consists of connective tissue w/ numerous diffuse & aggregate lymphatic tissues
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lamina propria
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_________ ________ of the lungs is composed of circularly or spirally oriented mass of muscle w/ some longitudinal bundles as well.
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lamina muscularis
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_________ are present in the initial portions of the primary bronchi but are replaced by plaques of cartilage
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hyaline cartilaginous rings
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________ are lined by simple columnar or cuboidal cells & don't have goblet cells.
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secondary bronchi
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What portion of the lungs have lamina propria composed of areolar CT that is absent of lymphatic tissue?
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Secondary bronchi
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Is cartilage present in secondary bronchi?
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No
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What portion of the lung has a lamina muscularis layer that is interrupted and multidirectionally oriented.
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secondary bronchi
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_________ are lined by cuboidal epithelium & have extensions called atria that give rise to air capillaries.
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parabronchi
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________ are found in the parabronchial lumen & give rise to air capillaries.
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Atria
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Atria are lined by _______.
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simple squamous or cuboidal epithelium
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Air capillaries are lined by ________.
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simple squamous epithelium
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Most birds have how many air sacs?
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8
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What type of air sacs are found in most birds?
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unpaired cervical & clavicular
Paired cranial thoracic, paired caudal thoracic, paired abdominal air sacs |
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Air sacs are line by what type of epithelium?
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simple squamous or cuboidal epithelium
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______ are poorly vascularised and do not participate in gaseous exchange.
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Air sacs
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The buccal cavity consists of what parts?
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tongue
tooth buds mucous glands mouth pouches |
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______ is triangular shaped & have taste buds present but has a poorly developed sense of taste.
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tongue
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________ bone is found in the tongue on the midline.
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entoglossal
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_______ is lined w/ keratinzed stratified squamous epithelium & has diffuse lymphatic tissue in lamina propria.
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esophagus
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Esophagus has ______ glands in the lamina propria that is an extension of the salivary glands.
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mucous
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______ is the diverticulum of the esophogus.
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crop
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Birds that need to swallow lots quickly w/o immediately digesting it use their _______.
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crop
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________ has thicker mucosa than the esophagus.
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crop
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What are the 2 main features of the crop?
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mucous glands & crop milk
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Superficial cells of L. epithelialis undergo fatty change to a substance called ______ _____ to feed young.
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crop milk
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_____ ______ is produced under influence of prolactin.
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crop milk
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What is the function of the crop?
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moistens & helps macerate food
resonating sounds during courtship produces crop milk |
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_______ is the glandular stomach of avians.
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proventriculus
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What are the 2 features of the proventriculus?
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Rugae w/ mucous glands
submucousal glands |
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_____ is part of the proventriculus, has folds of mucosa & simple columnar epithelium
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rugae
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What type glands of the proventriculus are simple branched tubular glands & open into grooves bt. rugae.
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mucosal
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_______ glands of the proventriculus open on papillae at surface & have only acidophilic cells.
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submucosal
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What is the function of the proventriculus?
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glandular stomach
very acidic in some species to digest bones |
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_________ has a luminal surface lined by cornified secretory product of the mucosal glands.
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ventriculus
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What are the 2 major parts of the ventriculus?
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Lining
tunica muscularis |
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What is the function of the ventriculus?
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-grinds food
-well developed in birds that eat plant parts -used to store indigestible parts until regurgitated as a cast. |
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_____ is not divisible into histologically distinct regions.
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lower digestive tract
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What are the 2 major parts of the lower digestive tract?
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lymphatic nodules
cecae |
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Where do you find large quantities of lymphatic nodules?
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In Lamina propria & submucosa of lower digestive tract
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______ are two blind sacs appended to small & large intestine.
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cecae
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________ are absent in parrots & is used for water absorption & cellulose digestion.
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cecae
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_______ are lymphatic nodules at opening of cecum are found in the _____
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cecal tonsils
cecae |
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_______ is the common orfice for digestive, excretory & reproductive organs & is lined w/ simple columnar epithelium.
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cloaca
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_______ connects to the digestive system, is a sac of lymphoid tissue & is where maturation of B lymphocytes occur.
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cloacal bursa
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In the intestine 2 ____ are present at the ileocolic junction.
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ceca
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What 3 parts does the cloaca divide into?
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copradeum
urodeum proctodeum |
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The tunica mucosa of the ____ found in the cloaca is highly folded & lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
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vent
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In birds, ______ extend cranially up to lung & caudally at end of syncacrum.
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kidneys
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What type of nephrons to the avian kidney have?
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cortical-majority
medullary |
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The surface of _____ is covered by a very thin tunica albuginea.
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testis
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______ is smaller & less conspicuous in birds than mammals.
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epididymis
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Efferent ductules of the epididymis is lined by what?
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ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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In some birds the caudal end of the ducts deferens forms a mass of convolution called __________.
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semimal glomus
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_________ acts as storage organ for spermatozoa.
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seminal glomus
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The _______ is homologous w/ the penis in mammals.
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phallus
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What parts of of the female reproductive system are retained in the adult as functional entities?
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left ovary & oviduct
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________ of birds are not as compact as those in mammals.
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ovaries
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The _____ part of the ovary consists of follicles in various stages of development but an antrum does not develop
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cortex
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What are the parts of the avian oviduct?
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infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland(uterus) & vagina.
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__________ is the funnel like cranial extension of the oviduct, lined w/ ciliated pseudostratified epi.
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infundibulum
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The ______ is responsible for the deposition of the majority of the egg white.
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magnum
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What part of the avian oviduct has a lamina propria that contains branched, tubular glands lined by a cuboidal or columnar epithelium responsible for the release of albumin.
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magnum
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The ________ is lined by ciliated & non-ciliated columnar epithelium & is responsible for the formation of the shell membrane
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isthmus
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The ______ is the shell gland.
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uterus
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The secretory activity of the _________ is responsible for the formation of the eggshell as well as dilution of albuminoids.
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uterus
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The mucosa of the _______ in the oviduct is distinguished by short mucosal folds & lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ few goblet cells.
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vagina
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The vagina is nonglandular except at the utero-vaginal junction which have ________ to nourish & store sperm.
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sperm-host glands
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