Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is GALT and where is it found?
|
gut associated lymphoid tissue
appendix tonsils Peyers patches follicles |
|
|
what are the areas of the lips?
|
skin
free margin mucosa |
|
|
describe the skin of the lips
|
keratinised squamous
hair follicles and sebacious glands spiral sweat glands |
|
|
describe the free margin of the lip
|
vermillon border
no sebacious glands / hair tall mucosal papillae with capillaries gives red colour |
|
|
descrivbe the mucosa of the lips
|
non keritanized squamous
papillae mucous glands in submucosa |
|
|
what kind of epithelium is the lining of the oral cavity?
|
stratified squamous
|
|
|
what are the two types of epithelium lining the oral cavity?
|
masticatory and lining
|
|
|
descrive masticatory epithelium
|
stratified keratinised squamous epithelium, keratinised depends on what type of foods eaten. lines areas involved in chewing eg tongue, hard palate, gingiva
|
|
|
describe lining epithelium
|
stratified squamous, non keritanized, lines parts not involved in cheing
|
|
|
what is the functions of saliva?
|
lubrication of the oral cavity
high ionic content, esp calcium protects against acid demineralisation contains amylase for carbohydrate digestion contains IgA for aggultination of microbes for swallowing supplies growth factors to assist wound healing dissolves undigested molecules for taste buds |
|
|
which type of gland are usually tubular?
|
mucous salivary glands
|
|
|
what do the striated duct cells do to the saliva
|
extract sodium actively
secrete IgA, proteases and bicarbonates into saliva |
|
|
how is the intrinsic skeletal muscle in the tongue arranged?
|
vertical, horizontal and transverse axis which frequently overlap
|
|
|
what kind of mucosa is the dorsal surface covered by?
|
stratified squamous keratinised
|
|
|
what about the ventral surface?
|
squamous stratified
|
|
|
what are the two areas of the tongue?
|
anterior (oral) adn posterior (pharyngeal)
|
|
|
what separates the two areas of the tongue?
|
sulcus terminalis
|
|
|
what is in the centre of sulcus terminalis?
|
foramen cecum
|
|
|
what are the papillae?
|
small raised projections with nerve endings, found in oral tongue
|
|
|
what are the four types of papillae?
|
filiform
fungiform foliate circumvallate |
|
|
descrive filiform papillae
|
conical
tall ubiquitous, all over tongue, numerous mechanoreceptors |
|
|
describe fungiform papillae
|
mushroom shaped
all over tonge less numerous than filiform, interspersed with them thermoregulatory rich capillaries |
|
|
describe foliate papillae
|
sensory
very few, posterolateral tongue folds |
|
|
describe vallate papillae
|
dome shaped with a trough around them
von Ebners glands secrete mucous into the forrows. sensory a line in front of sulcus terminalis |
|
|
where are the tastebuds found
|
not on filiform, particularly on the circum vallate, usually on lateral sides.
also occur individually on dorsum and sides of tongue and on soft palate |
|
|
what type of secretions are von Ebner glands?
|
serous - aid taste
|
|
|
describe the general epithelium of GI tract?
|
highly renewable, contians resident immune cells
|
|
|
describe general lamina propria of GI tract?
|
contains vessels, nerves, also secretes cytokines, has plasma cells which secrete IgA
|
|
|
describe muscularis mucosa in GI tract
|
may be interupted by glands or lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
describe submucosa in GI tract
|
connective tissue, nerves, vessels
|
|
|
describe the muscularis propria of the GI tract?
|
2 layers, inner circular, outer longitudinal
|
|
|
what is serosa?
|
fibroelastic connective tissue lined with mesothelium
|
|
|
what type of epithleium does the oesophagus have?
|
non keratinized stratified squamous to resist abrasion
|
|
|
is the oesophagus flat or folded?
|
folded
|
|
|
what is the musularis mucosa like in the oesophagus?
|
prominent
|
|
|
is the oesophagus serosa, adventitia, or both?
|
both
|
|
|
describe the life cycle of the eospahgus epithelial cell
|
stem cell
basal cell prickle cell squamous cell |
|
|
where are the mucous glands of the oesophagus?
|
in the submucosa
|
|
|
describe the stomach epithleium
|
simple columnar, contains 4 different cell types
invaginates to form gastric pits which contact with gastric glands |
|
|
what are rugae?
|
submucosal folds of the stomach
|
|
|
what lies above the epithelium in the stomach?
|
thick mucus
|
|
|
what is special about the muscularis propria of the stomach?
|
it is 3 layered
|
|
|
what are the epithelial cell types of the stomach?
|
mucous / pitt cells
chief/zygomatic cells oxyntic / parietal cells enteroendocrine cells |
|
|
describe mucous cells of stomach
|
secrete alkaline mucous
pale staining |
|
|
describe chief cells of stomach
|
basophillic
secrete pepsinogen |
|
|
describe oxyntic cells of stomach?
|
eosinophilic
secrete intrinsic factor also secrete hydrocholoric acid have deep invaginations - canaliculi |
|
|
describe enteroendocrine cells of stomach
|
scattered, few
secrete gut hormoes basal granules |
|
|
describe the gastric glands of the cardia
|
mucous secreting
short, only 1/3rd of mucosa depth 1:1 pit to gland branched and coiled |
|
|
describe the gastric glands of the pylorus
|
mucous secreting
also branched, coiled much longer ducts |
|
|
describe gastric glands of corpus and fundus
|
"oxyntic glands"
have all 4 cell types pit isthmus neck base pit: pit / mucous cells isthmus and neck: oxyntic cells base: chief cells and enteroendocrine cells |
|
|
what colour do zymogenic cells stain?
|
blue - basophilic
|
|
|
what cells do oxyntic cells stain?
|
pink - eosinophilic
|
|
|
describe epithelial cell renwal in oxyntic mucosa of stomach?
|
stem cells in base
10 days to make pit cells / mucous cells - migrate to pit 50 days to make oxyntic cells: stay in isthmus 200 days to make chief cells: migrate to base EECs have separate lineage |
|
|
describe epithelial cell renewal in pyloric muscosa in stomach?
|
only 2 lineages from stem cells
pit cells gland cells EECs have different lineage |
|
|
what is the mucosal foldings of the intestines?
|
of the epithelium: microvilli, brush border
of the lamina propria; villi and intestinal crypts / crypts of lieber kuhns |
|
|
what are the submocsal foldings of the intestines?
|
plicae circularis / folds of kerkring
|
|
|
what is the effect of intestinal foldings?
|
increased surface area for absorption
|
|
|
what are the 6 types of epithleial cell in the intestine?
|
enterocytes
paneth cells goblet cells EECs M cells Brush cells |
|
|
describe an enterocyte?
|
microvilli / brush border, absorptive
columnar |
|
|
describe a goblet cel
|
pale staining, secretes alklaine mucous
|
|
|
describe a paneth cell
|
apical eosinophilic granules (stain red)
secrete antimicrobial peptides eg defensin found in the base of crypts |
|
|
descrive an EEC of the small intestine?
|
basal granules
found in base of crypts |
|
|
descrive an M cell?
|
found in small intestine
found on domes of lymphoid follicles allow transepithlelial antigen exchnage port of entry for pathogens |
|
|
describe a brush cells
|
apical protusions
chemosensory |
|
|
descrive the epithelial renewal of the intestinal cell types
|
stem cells from crypts of lieber khun
divide into transit amplifying cells then produce all cells 3 days for enterocyte 7 days for goblet cell 15 days for paneth cell controlled by Wnt signalling stem cell niche is midcrypt in large intestine but base of crypt in small intestine |
|
|
describe lamia propria of small intestine
|
blood vessels
nerve fibres lymphatics: axial lacteals - lymph capillaries isolated and aggregate lymph nodules |
|
|
describe muscularis mucosa of small intestine
|
scattered, not well characterized, though to produce local mixing actions
|
|
|
what is muscularis mucosa of small intestine important in diagnosis of?
|
cancer - staging
|
|
|
what are the intestinal plexuses
|
submucosal and myenteric
|
|
|
describe submucosal plexus
|
multilayere meissners plexus inner layer
outer layer is single layered Schabadash's plexus |
|
|
what are the regional specilaisaitons of duoenum?
|
brunners glands
combat acidity from stomach secete alkaline mucous into crypts found in submucosa |
|
|
jejunum specialisations?
|
tallest villi
no brunners glands but more goblet cells |
|
|
what are the regional specilaisaitons of duoenum?
|
brunners glands
combat acidity from stomach secete alkaline mucous into crypts found in submucosa |
|
|
jejunum specialisations?
|
tallest villi
no brunners glands but more goblet cells |
|
|
ileum specilisations?
|
prominent immune tissue: peyers patches and M cells
lymph nodules in lamina propria and submucosa |
|
|
large intestine speciliasations?
|
no villi
|
|
|
ileum specilisations?
|
prominent immune tissue: peyers patches and M cells
lymph nodules in lamina propria and submucosa |
|
|
cecum and colon speicilasations?
|
taeniae coli
numerous crypts called colonic glands/crypts paneth cells rare in normal colon |
|
|
large intestine speciliasations?
|
no villi
|
|
|
what is the funciton of the colon
|
make the poo: dehyrdate luminal contents
move the poo: secrete mucus for motility |
|
|
cecum and colon speicilasations?
|
taeniae coli
numerous crypts called colonic glands/crypts paneth cells rare in normal colon |
|
|
what does the appendix contain?
|
lymphoid tissue in rings
|
|
|
what is the funciton of the colon
|
make the poo: dehyrdate luminal contents
move the poo: secrete mucus for motility |
|
|
what specilisations does the rectum have?
|
rectal columns of morgagni
|
|
|
what does the appendix contain?
|
lymphoid tissue in rings
|
|
|
what is the internal anal sphincter formed crom?
|
muscularis propria
|
|
|
what specilisations does the rectum have?
|
rectal columns of morgagni
|
|
|
what type of muscle forms the external anal sphincter
|
voluntary striated
|
|
|
what is the internal anal sphincter formed crom?
|
muscularis propria
|
|
|
what type of muscle forms the external anal sphincter
|
voluntary striated
|
|
|
what epithelium change occurs at the rectoanal junction
|
colunnar to stratified squamous
|
|
|
what do anal glands secrete
|
pheremones
|
|
|
what is hilton's white line
|
intersphincteric line
boundary between kertaninised and non keritanised squamous epithelium still not exactly skin as no appendages |
|
|
what is the dentate line?
|
boundray from stratified cuboidal to non kerintanizing stratified aquamous
|
|
|
what is the anal transition zone/
|
the area of stratified cuboidal epithelium, between columnar (muco) and cutaneous (strat. squamous)
|
