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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Histology is the study of ___. AKA ___-______.
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tissues;micro-anatomy
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How thick of sections do we look at?
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0.5-10um thick
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What do you use to stain basic structures? Acidic? What are their colors?
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Hematoxylinl-blue(nuclei); Eosin-red(cytoplasm)
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The ECM is made up of __ and ___.
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fibers; ground substance (AKA intercellular material)
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Cytology is the study of ___.
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Cells
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What is protoplasm?
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The living substance of the cell. (Karyoplasm, cytoplasm, and cytosol)
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What is Karyoplasm?
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Substance (including DNA) forming the contents of the nucleus.
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What is cytoplasm?
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Material between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope.
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What is cytosol?
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The fluid component of a cell that contains the organelles, cytoskeleton, and inclusions.
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What are the different tissue types?
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1) Epithelium 2) Blood and Hematopoietic (connective) 3) Connective tissues 4) Muscle 5) Nervous
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What are 5 characteristics of EPITHELIUM?
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1. Very cellular 2. Little intercellular material 3. Avascular 4. Cells arranged in sheets or layers or irregular masses 5. Absence of ECM (cells only)
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What are 2 characteristics of Blood and Hematopoietic tissue?
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1. Numerous cell types 2. Intercellular material is fluid plasma and has no fibers
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What are 4 characteristics of connective tissue?
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1. Cells usually widespread 2. Abundant ECM 3. Usually very vascular 4. Arranged regular or irregular
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What are 3 types of muscle tissue?
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1. Cardiac 2. Skeletal 3. Smooth
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What are 2 characteristics of muscle tissue?
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1. Elongated cells and contain contractile elements in the cytoplasm 2. cells closely apposed but separated by a delicate and vascular connec. tiss.
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What are 2 characteristics of nervous tissue?
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1. Very complicated (structurally and functionally) 2. Major cells (neurons) are usually large with extensive cytoplasmic processes.
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What are the four tissues that can be classified as connective tissue? What else is considered CT?
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1) collagenous tissue 2) adipose tissue 3) cartilage 4) bone; Blood
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Where is epithelial tissue found?
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Lining of internal or external body surfaces or for secretory purposes
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What are the three epithelial germ layers and what is an example of each?
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1) Ectoderm: external body surface 2) Endoderm: digestive and respiratory systems 3) Mesoderm: Lining of vascular system, closed body cavities and parts of urogenital system
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What is lined by simple squamous epithelium?
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endothelium (lines blood and lymphatic vessels) and mesothelium (lines body cavities, peritoneum, pericardium, pleura, serosa
0) |
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What is lined by simple columnar/cuboidal epithelium with cilia?
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Female Uterine Tube (Oviduct)
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What is lined by simple columnar epithelium with microvilli?
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Small intestines, kidney proximal tubules
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What two types of tissue can stratified squamous epithelium be?
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keratinized and nonkeratinized
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What is lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium?
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Excretory ducts of glands
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What is lined by stratified columnar epithelium?
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distal urethra, parotid and mandibular gland ducts
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Where is pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium found?
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Trachea and respiratory system
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Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia found?
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ductus epididymus of the male
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Where is transitional epithelium found?
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urinary tract i.e., urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra
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Most glands develop as outgrowths from the ___ ___ into the ___ ___.
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membranous (surface) epithelium; underlying tissue
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Whats the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?
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Exocrine glands have ducts to the surface. Endocrine glands don't.
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Where do endocrine glands secrete their products?
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Capillaries (Usually hormones)
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How do endocrine glands become follicles?
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They secrete their products (usually hormones) inward and make themselves expand.
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What are the two portions of an exocrine gland?
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1) secretory portion 2) excretory duct
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What are the 3 types of secretory units?
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1) tubular 2) tubuloalveolar 3) acinar/alveolar
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What is an example of a simple tubular gland?
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Large intestine
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What is an example of a simple coiled tubular gland?
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sweat glands
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What is an example of simple acinar gland?
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pancreas, salivary gland
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What is an example of simple alveolar gland?
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sebaceous gland
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What is the definition of a compound gland?
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Glands with their secretory products draining into a branching excretory duct.
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What is an example of compound tubuloalveolar?
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salivary gland
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What is an example of compound alveolar?
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Mammary gland
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Salivary glands are made up of what two types of glands?
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Compound tubuloalveolar and simple acinar
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What are myoepithelial cells?
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Smooth muscle cells that are placed between the secretory cells and the basal lamina at the base of the cell. They contract to squeeze secretions out of the secretory portion and along the duct system.
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What two things do compound glands contain?
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1) epithelial components 2) supporting connective tissues ( blood, nerves, stroma)
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What separates lobes into lobules?
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septa or trabeculae
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List the 7 areas in a lobe.
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1) Acinus 2)Intercalated duct 3)Striated duct 4)Intralobular duct 5)Interlobular duct 6)Lobar duct 7)Main duct
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What kind of tissue is the Acinus layer made of?
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Myoepithelial cells
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What epithelium is the intercalated duct made of?
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low cuboidal epithelium
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What epithelium is the striated duct made of?
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Cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium
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What epithelium is the Intralobular duct made of?
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Cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium
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What epithelium is the Interlobular duct made of?
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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What kind of epithelium is the lobar duct made of?
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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What are the three types of secretory cells?
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1) Mucus 2)Serous 3)Mixed(seromucus)
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What is an example of a mucus gland? What does it secrete?
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Sublingual gland; rich in glycoproteins + water
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What is an example of a serous gland? What does it secrete?
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Parotid Gland; Proteins + water (Zymogen granules)
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What is an example of mixed (seromucus)gland?
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Submandibular (human), mandibular gland (animals); glycoproteins + proteins + water
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What is the definition of a serous demilune?
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serous cells on the outer edges of clumps of mucous acini. Both the mucous cells and cells of the serous demilune secrete into the lumen of the duct.
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What are the three types of secretion?
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1)Merocrine secretion-exocytosis(sweat,hormones,zymogen granules, proteins in milk) 2)Apocrine Secretion-some apical cytoplasm is pinched off (lipid secretion in mammary gland) 3)Holocrine Secretion-cell beomes the secretion (sebaceous cell secretion of sebum)
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Epithelial cells themselves have ____, and this imparts basic tissue ___.
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Polarity; polarity
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Microvilli are made up of cross linked microfilaments which are a polymer of ___.
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F-actin monomers
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What two things connect the F-actin filaments to the plasma membrane of the microvillus? What does it do?
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Myosin I and Calmodulin; gives it structure and support
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What is the terminal web?
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A complex of F-actin and spectrin molecules as well as intermediate filaments located in the apex of the epithelial cells. NO AXONEMES.
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Microvilli are also called what? Where are they found?
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Brush or Striated borders; Intestines and kidney tubules
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What does glycocalyx mean? What is it also called?
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sugar-above surface; Fuzzy coat
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What does glycocalyx do?
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Coats cell microvilli for cell recognition and protection.
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Where does the glycocalyx bind on the microvilli?
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To transmembrane proteins and phospholipids on the luminal surface of villi; Protects from inappropriate interaction with wrong proteins and from chemical and physical injury
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Whats the difference between a glycoprotein and a glycolipid?
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carbohydrate with a protein versus a fat
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What is the cytoplasmic portion of cilia called? How is it made up?
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basal body; nine triplet microtubules in helicoid array
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What part of cilia is on the cell surface?
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Axoneme; 9 + 2 doublet arrangement
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What anchors the basal body to the apical portion of the cells cytoplasm of cilia? Why?
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Rootlets; so they're not extensions of membrane
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Stereocilia are most like cilia or villi? How are they different?
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villi; they're extensions of cell membrane, they contain actin filaments, they have NO AXONEMES OR MICROTUBULES. ; They do not do absorption (villi does)
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What are the basolateral domain specializations?
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Cell adhesion molecules and cell junctions
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What are the apical domain specializations?
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Microvilli, cilia, stereocilia
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What are the two major classes of cell adhesion molecules?
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1) Ca2+ dependent molecules- cadherins and selectins 2) Ca2+ independent molecules-immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily of proteins and integrins
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What is the type of cadherin we studied? How does it work? What is this attachment called?
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E-cadherin (epithelial); They form membrane dimers that then bind membrane bound dimers of the same cadherins in the adjacent cell i.e. Homophilic Cell-Cell Attachment
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Loss of cadherins is associated with invasive behavior of tumor cells. What is this?
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Metastasis (cancer)
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What are the three types of Selectins we studied and where are they found?
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1)P-selectin: platelets and endothelial cells 2) E-selectin: on activated endothelial cells 3)L-selectin: leukocytes
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How do selectins bind?
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They bind to their carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) to carbohydrates attached to a protein or lipid
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Selectins participate in the movement of what? Through the endothelium of vessels and into tissues by ___ or __.
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leukocytes; extravasation; "Homing"
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Extravasation/Homing is a mechanism that enables leukocytes to escape from blood and enter sites of __.
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Inflamation
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What do the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily do?
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Mediate homophilic and heterophilic interactions between cells.
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What are the three types of Ig?
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1) N-CAM: neural cell adhesion molecule 2) ICAM-1 and ICAM-2: intercellular adhesion molecules 3) VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule
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What is unique about integrins?
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They are involved with cell-cell AND CELL - ECM intractions!
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What are the three proteins inside the cell that connect to integrins? Outside?
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Talin, vinculin, alpha-actinin; collagen, fibronectin, osteopontin IGFBP1
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Integrins are ___ formed by two membrane-bound associated alpha and beta subunits
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heterodimers
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Which subunit of integrins bind to the cytoskeleton (intracellular proteins)? Which binds to an RGD sequence in the ECM? What are the two proteins in ECM with this sequence?
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beta; alpha; Fibronectin and Laminin
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What 5 things do integrins do?
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1)Cell adhesion 2)Proliferation 3)Survival 4)Migration 5)Intracellular signaling
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What are cell junctions?
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Symmetrical structures formed between two adjacent cells.
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What are the two pathways for cell communication?
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1) Transcellular Pathway: Controlled by numerous channels and transporters 2)Paracellular pathway: regulated by a continuous intercellular contact or cell junction
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What are the 5 types of cell junctions?
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1)Tight Junction 2)Zonula Adherens 3)Macula Adherins (desmosomes) 4)Hemidesmosomes 5) Gap Junctions
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What do the tight junctions do?
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Determine epithelial cell polarity. They separate the apical domain from the basal lateral domain. They prevent free passage of substances across epithelial cell layer (paracellular pathway barrier).
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Tight junctions are formed by the transmembrane protein ____. It binds to ___ ___ ___ and ___ internally, and ___ and ____ externally to make the seal.
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Occluding; ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, AF-6; Claudins Occludins
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Mutation in the gene encoding ___ causes the rare human disease "renal magnesium wasting syndrome" with hypomagnesemia and seizures
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Claudin 16
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What are the three anchoring junctions?
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1)Zonula adherens 2) Macula adherens 3) Hemidesmosomes
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How are zonula adherens connected to cells?
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The actin filament in a cell is connected to a catenin complex that is connected to a cadherin. The cadherins are connected to the cadherin on another cell.
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What maintains cohesiveness of epidermis in its stratified squamous form (zonula adherens)?
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The cadherins Desmoglein 1 & 2
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How do macula adherens anchor cells together?
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spot-like distribution. Intracellular keratin filaments (tonofilaments) are associated with cytoplasmic plates that are bound to cadherins. Cadherins on adjacent cells interact with one another.
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How do hemidesmosomes anchor cells together?
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They anchor the basal domain of the cell to the basal lamina. A cytoplasmic plate associates with Keratin filaments (tonofilaments). A plaque membrane links the hemidesmosome to the basal lamina by anchoring filaments (including Laminin 5) and alpha6beta4.
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How are gap junctions formed?
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By integral membrane proteins called Connexins.
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What is a connexon made up of? What is it?
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6 connexins; a hollow cylindrical structure that spans the plasma membrane
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How far apart are the channels of communication between to cytoplams of adjacent cells in a gap junction?
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1.5-2 nm
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How large of molecules can move through gap junctions? What are they?
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<1.2 nm in diameter; Ca2+ and cAMP
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What 4 kind of cells are gap junctions in?
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1)Epithelial 2)cardiac muscle 3)smooth muscle 4)Neurons
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What kind of chemical and electrical coupling signals go through gap junctions? (2)
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1)transmission of electrical signals between adjacent cardiac muscle cells 2)between adjacent uterine myometrial cells
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What are the two parts of the Basement Membrane?
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1)Basal Lamina 2)Lamina Reticularis
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What are the three cytoplasmic filaments and tubules?
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1) Microfilaments (7nm) 2)Intermediate filaments (10nm) 3)Microtubules (25nm)
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What is the main component of microfilaments? microtubules?
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Actin; tubulin dimers
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What is the most stable cytoskeletal structure?
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Intermediate filaments
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What are Microfilaments made of?
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double filaments of F-actin which contain two rows of globular proteins called G-actin (each ball)
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What assembles microfilaments into slender bundles?
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Actin-Binding Proteins
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In microvilli what holds the core together? what anchors the bundle to the plasma membrane?
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Villin and Fimbrin; Myosin-1 and Calmodulin
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What is the main function of intermediate filaments?
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Provide mechanical support for the cell
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How are Intermediate filaments designed? How is assembly and disassembly regulated?
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Amino-terminal Head, alpha helical rod, and carboxyl terminal tail; Phosphorylation
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What are the five types of intermediate filaments?
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1)Cytokeratin filaments (epithelial cells) 2)Desmin filaments (smooth and striated muscle) 3)Glia filaments(astrocytes) 4)Neurofilaments (neurons) 5)Vimentin filaments (mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts)
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Microtubules are composed of what?
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Tubular dimers consisting of tightly bound alpha and beta tubulin molecules.
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The alphabeta tubulin dimers in microtubules are arranged in longitudinal rows called ___. How many of these rows form a microtubule hollow?
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Protofilaments; 13
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What is dynamic instability referring to?
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The way microfilaments undergo alternate phases of slow growth and rapid polymerization
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What are three examples of microtubule functions?
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1) In neuron axons to transport material from the cell body to the axon terminal 2)During cell division as the mitotic or meiotic spindles 3)During cell mvmnt where they are present in the axonemes of cilia
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What are the three components of the nucleus?
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1) Nuclear envelope 2) Chromatin 3) nucleolus
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The two membranes of the nucleus are separated by the ___ ___.
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Perinuclear space
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What are the inner and outer nuclear membrane associated with?
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Inner:nuclear lamina, chromatin, and ribonucleoproteins; Outer:continous with the rER and may be associated with ribosomes
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What does the nuclear pore complex establish?
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Bidirectional communication gates for trafficking of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
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How small do you have to be to diffuse through a nuclear pore?
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smaller than 40 kDa
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What is chromatin made up of?
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Nucleosomes on a double stranded DNA string.
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What is one nucleosome made of?
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Histone octamer core and about two turns of DNA wound around the histone core.
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What does euchromatin do?
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Diffuses transcriptionall active chromatin that performs synthesis of all nonribosomal RNAs (so mRNA and tRNA)
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What is heterochromatin?
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condensed chromatin that appears as dark clumps of chromatin seen in the nucleus. It's transcriptionally INACTIVE chromatin.
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Where is rRNA made?
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Nucleolus
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What is the nucleolus made of?
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1)Fibrillar center 2)Dense fibrils 3) Granules
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The cell cycle is broken up into what two phases?
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Interphase and Mitosis
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What are the 4 phases of interphase?
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1)Gap-1 (longest), 2) G0 or 3)S Phase(nuclear DNA replicated) 4)G2 Phase
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What is the main function of the centrosome?
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Form and maintain the mitotic spindle
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What happens during prophase?
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Condensation of Chromatin, centrosome is formed, lamins are phosphorylated so nuclear membrane disappears,
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What happens during metaphase?
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Chromosomes maximally condensed, Lined up at the equatorial plate of mitotic spindle
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What happens during anaphase?
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Chromosomes pull apart from the equatorial plate and sister chromatids begin migrating to opposite poles of mitotic spindle
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What happens during Telophase?
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Cell membrane indents around equator, nuclear envelope is reconstitued, chromosomes uncoil
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What are examples of inclusions?
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lipids and glycogen
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What is the plasma membrane made up of?
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lipid and protein
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What are the 5 phospholipids in the plasma membrane and are they on the inner or outer membrane? Which one helps in cell signaling?
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1)Phosphatidylcholine (outer) 2)Phosphatidylethanolamine (Both) 3)Phosphatidylserine (inside) 4)Sphingomyelin (outside) 5)Phosphatidylinositl (inside); 5th
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Where are glycolipids found?
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outer leaflet of plasma membrane and they have carb chains
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Why is cholesterol in the cell membrane?
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modulates membrane fluidity by restricting the mvmnt of phospholipid fatty acid chains at high temperatures
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What are the two types of channels?
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1)ligand-gated channel (endocrine cells) 2)Voltage-gated channels (neurons)
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What does the ER do?
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It's involved in protein and lipid biosynthesis, packaging, and transport. Also used to detoxify foreign compounds and store intracellular calcium
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How is the ER arranged? What do they contain?
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cisternae, tubules, and vesicles; Luminal compartment and cytoplasmic compartment
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What does the smooth ER do?
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converts harmful lipid-soluble or water insoluble substances into water soluble compounds that can be discharged in the kidney
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Where is smooth ER abundant?
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1)cells that produce steroids (sex area) 2)cells that detoxify (liver) 3)skeletal cells that sequester calcium (muscles)
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Where do molecules from the rough ER go?
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Cis portion of Golgi directly or in vesicles
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What is the golgi made up of?
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secretory cells
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What are glycosyltransferases?
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enzymes in the golgi that transfer sugars to terminal portions of oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids
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What are cristae?
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Inner membrane of mitochondria
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What is the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane called?
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Intermembrane Space; Matrix is innermost layer
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What proteins are on the outer mitochondrial membrane? Inner?
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Porin; Cardiolipin and Phospholipid
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The mito matrix metabolizes amino acids to produce what?
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Acetyl CoA which feed into TCA cycle to make ATP
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What is heparin?
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An Anticoagulant
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What's the term for the percentage of erythrocyte blood volume?
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Hematyocrit (42-47%)
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What percentage does the buffy coat make in blood? What is it made of?
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1%; Leukocytes and platelets
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What does plasma have that serum does not?
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Fibrinogen
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What is serum made up of?
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albumin, immunoglobulins, and other proteins
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What's another name for platelets?
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Thrombocytes
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What can neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils be categorized as?
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Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
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