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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phospholipid Bilayer
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1 polar head (hydrophilic)
2 non-polar tails (hydrophobic) integral proteins/peripheral proteins glycolipids |
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integral (transmembrane) proteins
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-traverse entire thickness of cell membrane
-function as receptors and carrier proteins, enzymes. -carry ions and polar molecules across the cell membrane. |
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peripheral proteins
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- attached to cytoplasmic surface of the plasmalemma.
- form part of the cytoskeleton or intracellular secondary messenger system |
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Plasma Membrane
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-Trilaminar appearance
-Maintains structural integrity -Selective barrier -recognition via receptors for neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, surface molecules of other cells -Cell Coat (glycocalyx) "Fuzzy Coat" consisting of carbohydrate chains, serves to protect, cell-cell recognition, blood clotting, inflammatory responses. |
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Lipid soluble substances that dissolve in cell membrane
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Oxygen, Nitrogen, alcohols, ether, chloroform, anesthetics
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Water-soluble substances that do not dissolve in cell membrane
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Proteins, carbohydrates
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Microvilli
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-Free cell (luminal) surface modifications that increase surface area of absorptive cells.
-Finger-like projections |
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Cilia
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-Free cell surface modifications on surface of respiratory epithelium, move in unison, and sweep mucus and dust particles to exterior.
-Move in one direction. -Found on the surface of epithelium lining the fallopian tube sweeping oocyte, sperm or zygote. |
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Flagella
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Single flagellum, moves sperm
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Zona Occludens (tight junction)
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- Located near luminal aspect of cell.
-"Rings"/surrounds cell like a belt. -adjacent cell membrane proteins fuse to seal off extracellular space -Prevents luminal contents from passing into ECS between adjacent cells. -...if it happens, it will trigger inflammatory response. |
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Zona Adherens (adhering junction)
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-adhesive between adjacent cells
-encircles cell like a "belt" -located below the zonula occludens junction -linker glycoproteins |
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Macula adherens ("spot" adhering junction)"
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-aka desmosome
-"Spot" contact between two adjacent cells -numerous desmosomes scattered between two adjacent cell, below the zonula adherens, in between epithelial cells -pinching two slices of "Wonder Bread" in numerous places, pinched areas resist. (Desmosomes hold the membranes together) |
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Gap junctions
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-tubular connections between cells (skywalks)
-allow ions to pass from cell to cell |
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Basal Lamina
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-acellular, carbohydrate rich substance
-basal surface of epithelium -formed by epithelium, muscle cells, fat cells, and Schwann cells -Adhesive between cells, epithelium and underlying tissue -selective barrier in kidney and lung |
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Nuclear Envelope
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-two unit membranes with perinuclear space
-encloses nucleus -nuclear pores that serve to communicate between nucleus and cytoplasm -outer surface is covered with ribosomes -continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Heterochromatin
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-condensed, coiled, inactive
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Euchromatin
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-extended, uncoiled, active gene transcription
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nucleolus
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-spherical
-one or more per nucleus -site of rRNA synthesis -granules are maturing ribosomes -not enclosed by a limiting mebrane |
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nuclear matrix
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-structural nucleoproteins
-metabolites, ions |
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mitochondria
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-spherical or filamentous
-powerhouse -smooth outer membrane while the inner membrane is folded into cristae. contains enzymes associated with oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport -divides by fission -synthesis of steroid hormones |
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mitochondrial matrix
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-inner cavity (space between cristae)
-enclosed by inner membrane -DNA for self-replication, RNA, ribosomes, enzymes for the Krebs cycle |
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Ribosomes
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-exist as single ribosomes
-assemble polypeptide chains -high concentration of rRNA |
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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-flat cisternae with single unit membrane
-studded with ribosomes(poly) involved in assembling proteins that are exported from the cell -continuous with the outer nuclear membrane |
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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-no ribosomes
-enzymes for steroid synthesis -drug detox, glycogen metabolism, calcium storage and release within muscle cells |
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Golgi Apparatus
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-upside-down saucer-like cisternae
-transport vesicles containing newly-sythesized proteins pinch off from the RER, transported here (cis face), and release contents -these proteins are glycosylated -glycoprotein product is packaged as a secretory product, released as a vesicle. |
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Secretory Vesicles
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-membrane bubbles
-enclose secretory product -pinch off from GA -attach to inner surface of cell membrane, secretory product -store product |
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Lysosomes
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-membrane bubbles
-contain hydrolytic enzymes which digest old intracellular material |
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Microtubule
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-"cell skeleton"
-tunnels for intracellular transport -"towing" of chromosomes during mitosis -used in cilia and flagella |
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Centrioles
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-consist of microtubules
-formation of mitotic spindles, basal bodies of cilia and flagella |
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Microfilaments
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-thin filaments (actin)
-thick filaments (myosin) -muscle contraction -endocytosis, pseudopodia of WBC's |
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Intermediate Filaments
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-stress bearing function
-framework -anchor nucleolus |
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Cytoplasm
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-enzymes, soluble proteins, nutrients, macromolecule precursors
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Inclusions
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glycogen, lipid droplets, lipofusion (cell pigment)
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Epithelium
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-covers almost all body surfaces except nails
-lines RESP., GI, GU, tracts -lines body cavities in serosa of pericardial (heart), pleural (lungs), peritoneal (abdominal and pelvic viscera) -forms glands (liver, pancreas, etc.) |
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Simple Squamous Endothelium
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-lines heart, blood, lymph vessels
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Simple Squamous Mesothelium
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-sheet like, forms serous, wet membranes that facilitate movement of viscera
-kidney tubules -lung alveoli |
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Simple cuboidal
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-secretory or absorptive
-thyroid follicles, gland ducts, kidney tubules, |
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Microtubule
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-"cell skeleton"
-tunnels for intracellular transport -"towing" of chromosomes during mitosis -used in cilia and flagella |
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Centrioles
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-consist of microtubules
-formation of mitotic spindles, basal bodies of cilia and flagella |
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Microfilaments
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-thin filaments (actin)
-thick filaments (myosin) -muscle contraction -endocytosis, pseudopodia of WBC's |
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Intermediate Filaments
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-stress bearing function
-framework -anchor nucleolus |
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Cytoplasm
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-enzymes, soluble proteins, nutrients, macromolecule precursors
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Epithelium lines...
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-almost all body surfaces
-in mucosa of respiratory, GI, GU tract, CV system -in serosa of pericardial cavity, pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity. |
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Epithelium forms glands in...
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-liver, pancreas, salivary glands, thyroid gland.
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Simple Squamous Endothelium
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-"Fried egg"
-Lines heart, blood and lymph vessels |
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Simple Squamous Mesothelium
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-"Fried egg"
-sheet like, forms serous, wet membranes that facilitate the movement of viscera |
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Simple Squamous also found in...
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kidney tubules, lung alveoli to allow diffusion of gases
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Simple Cuboidal
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-"Little cubes" on basement membrane
-located in Thyroid follicles, Gland Ducts, Kidney tubules -Function in secretory or absorptive glands |
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Simple Columnar
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-Many Organelles!!!
-Kidney tubules -Intestine (simple columnar with microvilli for absorption) -Gall bladder -Fallopian tube (simple columnar with cilia to move egg) -Secretory of absorptive |
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Pseudostratified Columnar
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-Short cells, appearing multilayered
-all epithelial cells attach to basement membrane, not all reach epithelial surface -Cilia and goblet cells line the major respiratory passages |
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Stratified Squamous Keratinized
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-dead surface cells, no nuclei
-protects, prevents water loss -dry, epidermis of skin contains melanocytes |
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Vitiligo
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-decrease or complete loss of melanocytes
-autoimmune disorder |
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Albinism
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-melanocytes are present
-melanocytes do not synthesize melanin due to a defect or absence of tyrosinase -Tyrosinase converts tyrosine into melanin |
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Malignant melanoma
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-heredity plays a role
-light skin is prone to it -due to excessive sunlight exposure |
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Basal cell carcinoma
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-due to chronic sun exposure
-slow-growing -rarely metastisizes |
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Ichthyosis
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-hyperkeratosis (autosomal)
-"fish-like scales" |
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Stratified Squamous Nonkeratinized
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-moist, lines wet cavities (mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal)
-not subject to wear and tear -surface cells are flat, living, with nuclei |
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Stratified Cuboidal
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-gland ducts
-developing ovarian follicles enclosing an oocyte |
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Stratified Columnar
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-rare, occular conjectiva, ducts of large glands
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Transitional
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-lines urinary tract
-scallop-shaped cell surface -stretchable -highly protective |
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Basement Membrane
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-Produced by epithelium
-Boundary between epithelium and underlying connective tissue -anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue |
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Exocrine glands
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-Secrete into a duct system
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Endocrine glands
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-Do not have ducts
-release secretory substance into extracellular space, then passes into capillary network -product then passes into the general circulation, transported to target organs |
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Unicellular glands
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-Goblet cells found in respiratory, GI tract
-Secrete mucus, protective |
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Multicellular glands are classified by ....
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secretory product, and mode of secretion
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"Serous"
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-watery secretion
-may contain enzymes -salivary secretion -exocrine pancreas |
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Basement Membrane
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-Produced by epithelium
-Boundary between epithelium and underlying connective tissue -anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue |
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Exocrine glands
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-Secrete into a duct system
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Endocrine glands
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-Do not have ducts
-release secretory substance into extracellular space, then passes into capillary network -product then passes into the general circulation, transported to target organs |
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Unicellular glands
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-Goblet cells found in respiratory, GI tract
-Secrete mucus, protective |
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Multicellular glands are classified by ....
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secretory product, and mode of secretion
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"Serous"
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-watery secretion
-may contain enzymes -salivary secretion -exocrine pancreas |
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Merocrine gland
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-contents of secretory vesicles released into the free surface of cell
-Pancreas |
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Apocrine gland
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-release of secretory product and part of the cells apical cytoplasm
-mammary gland |
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Holocrine gland
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-degenerated cells released with the secretory product
-sebaceous gland |
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Serous
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-watery secretion
-may contain enzymes -salivary secretion -exocrine pancreas |
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Mucous
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-viscous secretion
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Mixed
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-produce mucous and serous secretion
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Serous
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-watery secretion
-may contain enzymes -salivary secretion -exocrine pancreas |
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Mucous
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-viscous secretion
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Mixed
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-produce mucous and serous secretion
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Connective tissue consists of...
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-cells, fibers, extracellular matrix
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Loose (Areolar) Tissue
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-Most common type
-Consists mostly of amorphous substance -collagen and elastic fibers -in mesentery, filler tissue between other structures -fibroblasts, mast cells |
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Dense Regular connective tissue
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-Collagenous- fibers are parallel (tendons, ligaments)
-Elastic - Thick parallel elastic fibers -elastic ligaments of vertebral column (ligamentum nuchae, ligamentum flava) -Dense regular CT resists stress from a single line or direction |
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Dense Irregular connective tissue
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-Dermis of skin
-Resists stress from all directions (dermis of skin, organ capsules) |
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Loose (Areolar) Tissue
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-Most common type
-Consists mostly of amorphous substance -collagen and elastic fibers -in mesentery, filler tissue between other structures -fibroblasts, mast cells |
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Adipose
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-adipocytes
-push cytoplasm to the brim -increase with age, lose collagen |
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Reticular connective tissue
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-run in different directions
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Specialized connective tissue
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Cartilage (pliable), Bone (hard, rigid, calcified) Blood (fluid)
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All connective tissue contains...
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-cells (produce fibers and matrix), fibers (embedded in matrix), and matrix (support for cells and fibers)
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Fibroblasts
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-most common type of cell found in connective tissue
-produce elastic and collagenic fibers |
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Macrophages
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- phagocytes (tissue scavengers)
- monocytes from the bone marrow enter the bloodstream and take up residence in CT where they differentiate into macrophages. -fixed or wandering |
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Mast cells
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-found near blood vessels
-contain granules of histamine and heparin. |
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Histamine
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-dilates blood vessels, assists in loss of fluid (increase edema in mucous membranes)
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Heparin
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-anticoagulant, released near capillary walls.
-maintains fluidity of blood stream (prevents clotting in capillaries) |
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Macrophages
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- phagocytes (tissue scavengers)
- monocytes from the bone marrow enter the bloodstream and take up residence in CT where they differentiate into macrophages. -fixed or wandering |
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Plasma cells
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-secrete antibodies
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Lymphocytes
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-leukocyte involved in immune responses
-tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, wall of respiratory, GI and GU tracts |
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Monocytes
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-Become macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia
-phagocytic |
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Neutrophils
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-Destruction of bacteria
-Phagocytic -1st line of defense |
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Basophils
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-Mediate inflammatory responses
-Similar to mast cells |
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Eosinophils
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-Phagocytic
-phagocytose ag-ab complexes -destruction of parasites |
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Adipocytes
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-non membrane-bound fat droplet occupies most of the cell
-thin rim of cytoplasm around fat droplet -form adipose tissue |
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Fibers are composed of...
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-collagen, elastic, reticular
-reticular in loose connective tissue -in framework of organs and glands -in tissue of blood-forming organs (bone marrow), lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils) -fibers form a 3D framework, which traps lymphocytes |
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Matrix is....
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-non-living, organic, amorphous
-provides physical and physiological support -composed of macromolecules (proteins, glycosaminoglycans = carbohydrates) in which cells are embedded in -contains tissue fluid (loosely bound to ground substance) -water |
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Cartilage is....
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-avascular, without nerves
-Neighboring tissues diffuse nutrients through the Intracellular membrane -specialized connective tissue -firm, pliable, specialized for support -contains cells, fibers, ECM |
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Hyaline cartilage
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-most common
-smooth glassy appearance -homogenous matrix with collagen fibers (tracheal rings, bronchi, nose, laryngeal cartilages, tips of ribs, epiphyseal plates, other articular surfaces of bone). -Chondrocytes reside inrtic lacunae |
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Elastic cartilage
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-similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers.
-found in the ear, Eustachean tube, epiglottis and larynx. |
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Fibrocartilage
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-similar to dense regular CT with groups or rows of chondrocytes surrounded with extracellular matrix, between the collagenous CT.
-intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, articular discs of some joints. -not covered by perichondrium |
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Cartilage...
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-can grow by interstitial mechanism or appositional mechanism
-consists of cells referred to as chondrocytes |
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Chondrocyte
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-cellular component of cartilage
-resides in a bubble (lacunae) within the cartilage extracellular matrix |
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Interstitial mechanism
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-"growth within" - chondrocytes divide, daughter cells synthesize and secrete matrix, become isolated from neighboring chondrocytes, results in cartilage growth from within
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Appositional mechanism
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-"growth on surface"
-chondroblasts synthesize and secrete cartilage matrix on cartilage surface -As they secrete more and more matrix, they become enclosed in a lacuna and are then referred to as chondrocytes |
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Perichondrium
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Hyaline and elastic cartilage are surrounded by this membrane, a fibrous capsule-like structure.
-Does not cover hyaline cartilage at articular surfaces |
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Interstitial mechanism
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-"growth within" - chondrocytes divide, daughter cells synthesize and secrete matrix, become isolated from neighboring chondrocytes, results in cartilage growth from within
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Appositional mechanism
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-"growth on surface"
-chondroblasts synthesize and secrete cartilage matrix on cartilage surface -As they secrete more and more matrix, they become enclosed in a lacuna and are then referred to as chondrocytes |
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Osteoarthritis
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-breakdown of hyaline cartilage at joints of articular bones.
-degenerative joint disease, that is most prevalent in older individuals. -"bone rubbing on bone" -very painful since bone is a living tissue with nerve fibers. |
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Bone
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-connective tissue
-specialized and rigid for support -vascular |
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Osteoblasts
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-produce bone matrix
-not enclosed in lacunae |
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Osteocytes
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-mature osteoblasts enclosed in lacunae
-radiating cytoplasmic processes -enclosed in lacunae -processes take place in the canaliculi -Osteocytes bath in tissue fluid |
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Osteoclasts
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-multinucleated cells
-breakdown bone |
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Rickets
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-disorder resulting from calcium deficiency during development, or vitamin D, which is responsible for absorption of calcium.
-osteoid does not calify properly |
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Rickets
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-disorder resulting from calcium deficiency during development, or vitamin D, which is responsible for absorption of calcium.
-osteoid does not calify properly |
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Bone is...
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-constantly being replaced
-stores calcium and phosphorous |
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Bone mass increases via...
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appositional growth
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Periosteum
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-a fibrous membrane that covers bone
-outer fibrous layer consists of collagen -inner osteogenic layer consists of osteoblasts -inner |
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Rickets
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-disorder resulting from calcium deficiency during development, or vitamin D, which is responsible for absorption of calcium.
-osteoid does not calify properly |
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Endosteum
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-connective tissue membrane that lines the marrow cavity and consists of osteoblasts
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Spongy bone
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-3D network of thin bony spicules
-Spaces are filled with bone marrow |
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Compact bone
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-concentric layers of bony lamellae (wafers of bone).
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Haversian System
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-consists of central can containing blood vessels and nerve fibers, surrounded by concentric lamellae of bone with osteocytes enclosed in lacunae
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In Haversian system
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-nutrients pass from the Haversian canal to the most peripheral lamellae of bone via the canaliculi
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Flat bones
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-some skull bones
-develop via intramembranous ossification |
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Long bones
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-Upper and Lower limbs
-develop by endochondral ossification -hyaline cartilage model -cartilage dies -replaced by newly formed bone -epiphyseal plate allows bone to grow in length |
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Endosteum
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-connective tissue membrane that lines the marrow cavity and consists of osteoblasts
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Spongy bone
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-3D network of thin bony spicules
-Spaces are filled with bone marrow |
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Compact bone
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-concentric layers of bony lamellae (wafers of bone).
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