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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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____________ consists of the extrapulmonary bronchi along with the nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics that enter the lungs
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pulmonary root
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the branching passageways that constitute the respiratory tree are distal to what respiratory segment?
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trachea
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respiratory epithelium is...
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
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_______ are receptor cells with microvilli and are associated with sensory nerve endings
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brush cells (in the trachea)
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the 5 cells of the trachea mucosal epithelium are...
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ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, basal cells, brush cells, dense core granule cells.
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which cells are part of the APUD diffuse neuroendocrine system and are associated with nerve endings?
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Dense core granule cells
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smoking causes a metaplasia of pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi into ______________
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stratified squamous epithelium
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what happens to the nuclei of the stratified squamous cells under dysplasia? (from smoking)
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they become larger and dark staining (Resp. p 2)
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the most common type of cancer of the mouth and lungs is...
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squamous cell carcinoma
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What is the most distal part of the conducting system?
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terminal bronchioles
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Bronchioles lack...
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cartilage, glands, and lymphoid tissue
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specialized regions in bronchioles of 80-100 cells...act as chemocreceptors and repair damaged epithelial cells.
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neuroepithelial bodies
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People who smoke exhibit _________cell metaplasia, ,which leads to mucus draining into the alveoli
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goblet
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_____ is found in the tissue space and prevents rupture during inhalation.
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collagen
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_____ is found in the tissue space and allows for pulmonary parenchyma to recoil during exhalation
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elastic fibers
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surfactant is secreted by...
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type 2 pneumocytes
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absence of surfactant in premature infants results in...
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respiratory distress syndrome
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heart failure cells are macrophages that contain _________
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hemisiderin -- breakdown product of hemoglobin in red blood cells
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which artery provides functional blood? nutritional blood?
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1) pulmonary artery. 2) bronchial artery
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the medial wall of the nose contains...
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cartilage, vomer, and ethmoid bones
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In which nasal mucosa region are vibrissae found?
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vestibule. vibrissae are long, thick hairs.
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respiratory mucosa is adherent to underlying bone and cartilage without a layer of submucosa in between. this arrangement is called_________
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mucoperiosteum and mucoperichondrium
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the veins within the lamina propria of the respiratory region of the nasal mucosa are called....
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"swell bodies" -- function is to warm inspired air.
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what are the supporting cells of the olfactory region called?
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sustentacular cells
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sensory bipolar neurons of the olfactory region are called?
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olfactory cells
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fractured maxillary roots often penetrate the ___________ sinus
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maxillary sinus AKA paranasal sinus
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the main component of the pharyngeal wall (the pharyngeal constrictors) is...
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skeletal muscle
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the skeletal muscle of the pharyngeal wall is coated by ....
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buccopharyngeal fascia
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the vocal chords/folds are line by what kind of epithelium?
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non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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what enzyme cleaves carboxyl bonds of amino acids?
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chymotrypsin
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Which cells of the pancreas produce a bicarbonate rich solution?
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duct cells
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What are the two ducts that the interlobar ducts of the pancreas leads to?
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duct of Santorini and the duct of Wirsung
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Each islet is separated by the exocrine pancreatic parenchyma by a...
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thin capsule of reticulin fibers
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A person would have _________, if they are missing their Beta cells
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type 1 diabetes
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which islet cell serves a paracrine and endocrine function?
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D-cell - releases somatostatin
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_______ is a triangular structure with the portal triad at the center and the central vein at the tip of each angle
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portal lobule
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In which zone of the hepatic acinus, are drugs, toxins, and alcohold deactivated?
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ZONE 3
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In which zone are the hepatocytes actively synthesizing proteins?
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ZONE 1
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In the triad, the branches of the portal vein are called...
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portal venules
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The branches of the portal vein that surround the periphery of the lobules are called ____________
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distribting veins
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The space between adjacent hepatocytes is called...
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the bile canaliculus
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The space between the endothelial cells of the sinusoids and the hepatocytes is called...
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the space of Diss
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initial part of the bile duct system is...
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Bile Canaliculi
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At the periphery of the liver lobules, bile flows into...
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bile ductules
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How does the gall bladder communicate with the hepatic duct?
What do both of them together form?? |
by way of the cystic duct
the Common bile duct |
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___________ near the cystic duct produce and release mucous into the bile.
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tubuloacinar glands
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what produces the gall bladder contractions?
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cck
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the junction of the common bile duct and the sphincter of oddi is surrounded by...
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the sphincter of oddi
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Where are osteoblasts found?
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In periosteum, endosteum, and as a rim around trabeculae
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woven bone is another name for...
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non-lamellar bone
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What kind of bone forms the cortical regions of bone?
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compact bone...forms cortex and usually surrounds cancellous bone
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What kind of bone is bundle bone?
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compact non-lamellar -- Bundle bone is the bone where the periodontal ligament inserts into the alveolar bone proper.
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lamellae that are partially resorbed osteons?
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interstitial lamellae - part of compact lamellar bone.
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the inner plates of the alveolar process are known as...
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alveolar bone proper
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woven bone is another name for...
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non-lamellar bone
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What kind of bone forms the cortical regions of bone?
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compact bone...forms cortex and usually surrounds cancellous bone
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What kind of bone is bundle bone?
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compact non-lamellar -- Bundle bone is the bone where the periodontal ligament inserts into the alveolar bone proper.
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lamellae that are partially resorbed osteons?
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interstitial lamellae - part of compact lamellar bone.
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the inner plates of the alveolar process are known as...
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alveolar bone proper, cribriform plate, and lamina dura.
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osteoid is composed of...
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ground substance and collagen fibers
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osteoid is secreted by...
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osteoblasts
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deposition of bone around fetal cartilage is an example of...
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endochondral ossification
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The zone of cartilage between the metaphysis and the epiphysis is known as the...
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Epiphyseal disc or plate
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Once epiphyseal closure occurs, you can no longer have...
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any further bone growth
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Callus is made up of...
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cancellous bone and cartilage
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the testes descend from the...
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peritoneal cavity
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tall stereociliated columnar cells are called...
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principal cells
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the ejaculatory ducts are parallel and posterior to the...
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prostatic urethra
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What does the ejaculatory ducts enter?
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prostate
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What does prostate secretions contain and why?
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secretions contain hydrolytic enzymes -- to liquefy coagulated semen in the female genital tract
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Which zone of the prostate can prostate cancer occur
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peripheral zone. (outer portion)
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Which gland of Male Repro contains mucous secreting cuboidal cells?
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bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
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What cells will the Glans contain in an uncircumsized penis
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stratified squamous epithelium - non-keratinized
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Which portion of the penis ventral, erectile and contains the urethra?
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corpus spongiosum
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What does prostate secretions contain and why?
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secretions contain hydrolytic enzymes -- to liquefy coagulated semen in the female genital tract
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Which zone of the prostate can prostate cancer occur
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peripheral zone. (outer portion)
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Which gland of Male Repro contains mucous secreting cuboidal cells?
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bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
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What cells will the Glans contain in an uncircumsized penis
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stratified squamous epithelium - non-keratinized
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Which portion of the penis ventral, erectile and contains the urethra?
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corpus spongiosum - venous sinuses
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What kind of epithelium is found in the urethra? In the Shaft??
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stratified ciliated columnar. keratinized squamous
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What are the exo and endocervix lined by?
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endocervix - mucinous columnar
exocervix - stratified squamous |
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the key area for precancers and cancers in a woman are...
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the transformation zone. this is the part of the cervix between the original squamo-columnar junction and the current one.
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the uterus us formed by the fusing of the...
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Paired mullerian ducts
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Which hormone is more sensitive to fluctuations...LH or FSH??
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LH
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What hormone stimulates follicle development?
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FSH
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What hormone stimulates the ovary to secrete estrogen and progesterone?
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FSH
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The LH surge is a result of...
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rising levels of estrogen in the first half of the cycle, which has a positive feedback on FSH and LH
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Which kind of stroma can become luteinized??
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nonspecialized stroma
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specialized stroma cells consists of...
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granulosa and theca cells
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What makes androstenedione in the ovary?
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theca interna
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What converts androstenedione to estradiol?
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granulosa cells
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If pregnancy does not occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?
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it regresses and you get the corpus albicans
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The breast is which modified gland?
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a modified apocrine sweat gland
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Each lobe drains through _________ onto the nipple.
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lactiferous ducts
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which hormone stimulates ductal growth of the breast?
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estrogen
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The lobule and its draining duct are called ____________
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TDLU - terminal duct lobular unit.
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lobule is made up of...
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terminal ducts (acini) coming from the lobes.
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Breast cancer occurs at the ________
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TDLU - terminal duct lobular unit.
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What connects proteoglycan monomers together?
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hyaluronic acid chains
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What connects the proteoglycans to th e collagen?
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chondroitin sulfate side chains
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What are chondronectins?
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adhesive glyoproteins that link cells to collagen
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Where is elastic cartilage found?
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external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis, and some laryngeal cartilages.
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What type of joint would be find in an area of appositional bone growth?
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syndesmosis (Synarthrosis)
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What type of joints are found in cranial bones?
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Synostosis
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Epiphyseal plate is an example of what type pf joint?
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synchondrosis joint
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the union of the distal fibia and the tibula is an example of what kind of joint?
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syndesmosis joint
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what joint stabilizes the skeleton after cessation of bone growth?
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synostosis joint
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What type of joint is intervertebral joints?
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amphiarthrosis joint
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Pubic symphysis is an example of what kind of joint?
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amphiarthrosis
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what is found between the bones of amphiarthrosis joints?
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fibrocartilage
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Synovial joints are...
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diarthrosis joints
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What kind of cells are type B synovium cells and what do they do?
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Fibroblast-like cells - secrete hyaluronic acid and glycoprotein lubricant into the synovial fluid.
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Whats an example of a simple diarthroidal joint? Compound?
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Knee joint. TMJ.
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What is a type of gliding hinge synovial joint?
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TMJ
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retina is posterior to the...
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ora serrata
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part of the eye that is sensitive to light...
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retina
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the middle layer is composed of the...
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uvea which has 3 components - choroid, ciliary body, and the iris.
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outer layer of eye is...
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tunica fibrosa - cornea (translucent) and sclera (not translucent)
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what part of the eye is for image focus?
recieving visual stimuli? |
lens. photsensitive cells.
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what protects the retina from trauma due to rapid movements?
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the gelatinous vitreous body found i the vitreous space.
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compromise of the choroid layer can cause...
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extensive retinal damage
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________ is a serum marker for osteoblastic activity.
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osteocalcin
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Bone formation markers are...
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osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and the N and C terminal propeptides of collagen.
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bundle bone is an example of what kind of bone? Where is it found?
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compact non-lamellar. It is found at the periodontal ligament insertion into alveolar bone proper.
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_____________ are partially resorbed osteons.
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interstitial lamellae
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Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?
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periosteum
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