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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structures that produce a secretion necessary for normal body functioning |
Glands |
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Exocrine gland (ducts) Endocrine gland (ductless) |
Type of glands |
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a passageway that allows the glandular secretion to be emptied directly into the location where the secretion is to be used |
Duct |
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a ductless gland with its secretions emptied directly into the blood and then carried by the blood vessels to some distant location to be used |
Endocrine gland |
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associated with both types of glands help regulate the flow of the secretion |
Motor nerves |
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------ nerves are also present in the gland |
Sensory |
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What produces saliva or "spit"? |
Salivary Glands |
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•Immunoglobulins (secretory IgA) •Minerals •Electrolytes •Buffers (neutralize acids) •Enzymes •Metabolic wastes • Proteins (I May E Be Master P) |
Content of Saliva * |
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Secretion of saliva is controlled by ------ |
autonomic nervous system |
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Saliva ----- and ----- the oral mucosa, protecting it from ---- and potential carcinogens by way of its mucins and other glycoproteins. |
Lubricates, cleanses, dryness |
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The saliva helps in ------ by enzymatic activity |
digestion of food |
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The saliva serves as a ----, by its bicarbonate and phosphate ions, as well as by salivary proteins, protecting oral mucosa against ---- from food and dental ---- and later the ----. |
buffer, acids, biofilm, stomach lining. |
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gland having a duct associated with it |
Exocrine |
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The saliva is involved in ----- activity, through its lysozyme content as all as secretory IgA |
antibacterial |
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Saliva maintains tooth integrity because it isinvolved in ----- of tooth surface |
remineralization |
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Saliva contributes to formation of ----- ontooth & mucosal surfaces, saliva is also involved in first step in ------ formation |
pellicle, dental biofilm |
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Saliva supplies minerals for ----- calculus formation |
supragingival |
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•Major •Minor |
Salivary Glands Classification (depending on size) |
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Major and Minor salivary glands both have similar ----- features are---- and thus have associated ducts that help convey the saliva directly into the oral cavity, where it is used |
histological, exocrine glands |
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Epithelial cells line the ----- and produce ---- |
ducts, saliva |
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Connective tissue surrounds epithelium ----- and ----- the gland |
protecting and supporting |
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The connective tissue of the gland is divided into ----- and ---- |
Capsule and Septa |
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Divides inner part of the gland into the larger lobes & smallerlobules |
Septa (singular septum) |
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Capsule and septa carry ----- and ----- that servethe gland |
nerves and blood vessels |
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epithelial cells that produce saliva |
Secretory Cells |
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- cloudier-looking cytoplasm - Produce mucous |
Mucous Cells |
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Two types of secretory cells that depend on secretion produced |
mucous cells, serous cells |
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- Clear cytoplasm - Produce serous |
Serous Cells |
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Secretory cells are found in a group ----, which resembles a cluster of grapes |
acinus (plural, acini), |
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Each acinus consists of a single layer of ----- surrounding a ---, a central opening where the saliva is deposited after being produced by the secretory cells |
cuboidal epithelial cells, lumen |
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• Composed of serous cells • Produce serous secretory product • Narrow lumen |
Serous Acini |
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Serous Acini Mucous Acini Mucoserous Acini |
Forms of Acini |
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• Composed of mucous cells • Produce mucous secretory product • Wider lumen |
Mucous Acini |
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• Composed of both serous and mucous cells • Produce serous and mucous secretory product |
Mucoserous Acini |
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Located on surface of someacini as well as on parts of theductal system |
Myoepithelial cells |
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Myoepithelial cells consists of a cell body with fourto eight ----- radiating outward |
cytoplasmic processes |
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Myoepithelial cells are specialized cells of ----- that resemble an octopus on a rock; they are situated on the surface of the acini and have a ----- |
epithelium, contractile nature |
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Major Salivary Glands have large ---- glands and have named ---- associated with them |
paired, ducts |
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1) Parotid 2) Submandibular 3) Sublingual |
Major Salivary Glands |
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Largest encapsulated major salivary gland
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Parotid Salivary Gland
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The Parotid Salivary Gland Provides only ---- ofthe total salivary volume |
25%
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Parotid Salivary Gland is located behind ---- of mandible,anterior and inferior tothe----
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ramus, ear
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Parotid Salivary Gland Cell type is
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Serous cell
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Serous cells secrets ---- secretory product
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serous
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What is the duct of the Parotid Salivary Gland? |
Parotid duct (“Stenson’s duct”)
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The parotid salivary gland duct opening is located in oral cavity on innersurface of ---- mucosa opposite mx 2ndmolar, at ----
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buccal, parotid papilla
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Parotid gland becomesenlarged and tender when a patient has ----
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mumps
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This viral infection (mumps) usuallyinvolves the gland ----, first one side and then the other side. Infection is rarely seen inthe developed world, as it is prevented by childhood vaccination
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bilaterally
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Parotid gland can become involved in --- which is initial asymptomatic swelling; but occasionally painful mass due to its location near the facial nerve
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cancer
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What percentage of salivary glandcancers involve the parotid? |
90% |
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What is the preferred treatment for low-grade, low-stage tumors? |
surgery |
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It is important for the clinician to have the correct needle penetration into the ---- during an inferior alveolar block. If the needle is inserted too farposteriorly, it may enter the parotid salivary gland containing the ---, causing a complication such as ----
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pterygomandibular space, facial nerve, transient facial paralysis
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• Inability to close eyelid
• Drooping of the lips onaffected side |
Symptoms of transient facial paralysis
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Contacting the medial surface of the ---- during the injection will prevent this complication of local anesthesia.
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ramus
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What is the Second largest encapsulated major salivary gland? |
Submandibular Salivary Gland
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The Submandibular Salivary Gland Provides ---- to --- of total salivary volume |
60% to 65%
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Submandibular Salivary Gland Occupies space in |
submandibular fossa |
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Submandibular Salivary Gland cell type |
Both serous cells & mucous cells Secretes a mixed secretory produc |
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What is the duct associated with the Submandibular Salivary Gland? |
Submandibular duct (Wharton’s duct) |
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The Submandibular duct (Wharton’s duct) is at the Opening located in oral cavity at ---- |
sublingual caruncle |
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Small papilla near midline of floor of mouth on eachside of the lingual frenum |
sublingual caruncle |
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The Submandibular Salivary gland is effectively bilaterally palpated, ---- and ----- to the body of the ----, moving inward from the inferior border of the mandible near its angle as the patient lowers the head. |
inferior and posterior, mandible |
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What is the Smallest, most diffused gland? |
Sublingual Salivary Gland |
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the Sublingual Salivary Gland is the Only ----- major salivary gland |
unencapsulated |
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The Sublingual Salivary Gland Providing only --- ofthe total salivary volume |
10% |
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The Sublingual Salivary Gland Occupies space in the----- at the floor of the mouth |
sublingual fossa |
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Sublingual Salivary Gland has Both serous and mucous, but mostly -----. Secretes mixed secretory product, but with apredominately ---- component |
mucous, mucous |
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With the Sublingual Salivary Gland Multiple ducts that sometimes combine to form the---- |
Sublingual duct (Bartholin’s duct) |
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The Sublingual duct (Bartholin’s duct) has an Opening located in oral cavity at ----. Other small ducts of the gland open along the----, a fold of tissue on each side of the mouth floor |
sublingual caruncle, sublingual fold |
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The Sublingual Salivary Gland is effectivelypalpated on the floor ofthe mouth posterior to each ---- Placing one index fingerintraorally and the fingertips of the opposite hand extraorally, the compressed gland is manually palpated |
mandibular canine |
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What gland is Smaller than major salivary glands but are morenumerous? |
Minor Salivary Glands |
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The Minor Salivary Glands ducts (exocrine) are ---and ---- than those of the major salivary glands. The ducts open directly onto ---- surface |
Unnamed, Shorter, mucosal |
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Minor Salivary Glands are ---- in tissues of oral cavity located on the -----, -----, and ----- mucosa of the----, and lateral areas of ----- on the Floor of the mouth. |
scattered, Buccal, labial,lingual, Soft palate, hard palate |
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Minor Salivary Glands are on the Posterior part of ---- surface of tongue Circumvallate lingual papillae von Ebner’s salivary glands = Serous cells only |
dorsal ????? |
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Minor Salivary Glands have both serous & mucous cell type but mostly |
mucous cells |
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Saliva is also involved in antimicrobial activity through its ----- content as well as secretory ----. |
lysozyme, IgA. |
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Salivary glands develop between week --- to --- in prenatal development |
6-8 |
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Salivary glandsBegin as epithelial proliferations, or buds, from the ---- of the primitive mouth
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ectoderm lining
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The rounded terminal ends of these epithelial buds grow into the underlying ---- producing the secretory cells, or -----, and the ductal system
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mesenchyme,glandular acini
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Mesenchyme (influenced by the ----) Produces parts of the glands that contain supporting -----.
Outer capsule Inner septa |
neural crest cells, connective tissue
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Salivary glands arise from both the ---- and ---- associated with the primitive mouth
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ectoderm and endoderm
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Parotid gland develop early in the ---- week |
6th |
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Submandibular glands develop late in the ---- week |
6th |
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Sublingual glands develop in the ---- week
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8th |
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Decreased production of saliva by salivary glands
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Hyposalivation
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Medication induced
Disease Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Nerve damage
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Causes of Xerostomia/Hyposalivation
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More than ---- medicines can cause the glands to produce less saliva
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400
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• Sjögren syndrome
• HIV/AIDS • Diabetes • Parkinson disease |
Diseases that cause Xerostomia/Hyposalivation
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Glands can be damaged if they are exposed to ---- during cancer treatment
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radiation
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Drugs used to treat cancer can make saliva ---- , causing the mouth to feel ----
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thicker, dry
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Injury to the ---- or ----- can damage the nerves that tell glands to make saliva
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head or neck
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Sticky, dry feeling in mouth
Trouble chewing,swallowing, tasting, or speaking Burning feeling in mouth Dry feeling in throat Cracked lips Dry, rough tongue Mouth sores Infection in mouth |
Effects of Hyposalivation/Xerostomia
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Blocked Salivary Glands Ducts Prevent drainage of ---- from the duct
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saliva
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Blocked salivary glands ductsContribute to ---- and tenderness resulting from retention of saliva in the gland
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Glandular enlargement
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Blocked salivary glands ducts can occur from ---and ---- to duct opening
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Sialolith (salivary stone) formation,Trauma
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Retention of salivai nvolving a minor salivary gland
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Mucocele
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Retention of saliva involving the submandibular salivary gland
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Ranula
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Blocked Salivary Gland Duct stone can be --- during examination.
Confirm diagnosis with ---- radiograph or ---- |
palpated, Panorex, computed tomography(CT) scan |
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Salivary stone is usually removed with only ---- discomfort. Repeated stones or infections may warrant ---- removal of salivary gland
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minimal, surgical
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Another oral lesion associated with salivary glands is nicotinic stomatitis. With this lesion, the hard palate is whitened by ---- caused by the ---- from from tobacco use or ----consumption
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hyperkeratinization,heat, hot liquid
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---- of salivary glands for biopsy can be done if histological diagnosis needs to be done to the glands
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Surgical removal
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What is the Largest endocrine gland and is Butterfly-shaped, consists of 2 lobes |
Thyroid Gland
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What is the location of the thyroid gland? |
• Anterior & lateral regions of the neck
• Junction between the larynx &trachea |
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The thyroid gland is ductless and secretes the hormone ----- directly into the blood |
thyroxine
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The thyroid is Important for ----, ---- and ----- |
metabolism, growth & development, body temperature
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During infancy and childhood,adequate thyroid hormone is crucial for ----
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brain development
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What is the first endocrine gland to appear during embryonic development? |
Thyroid gland |
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The thyroid gland appears during ---- to ---- week of prenatal development |
3rd to 4th
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The Thyroid Gland controls ---- by producing hormones (Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)) |
metabolism
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Levels of the T4 and T3 hormones influence
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•Heart rate
•Body temperature •Alertness •Mood •(Many other functions) |
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The Thyroid Gland is controlled by the ---, located deep within the brain
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pituitary gland
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The pituitary regulates the thyroid, working much like a thermostat by releasing or with holding ----, depending on blood levels
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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when blood levels of thyroid hormones are low, the pituitary secretes TSH, which signals the thyroid to ----- hormone production
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increase
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When blood levels of T4 and T3 are high, the pituitary ---- the output of TSH, which signals the thyroid to ---- hormone production
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restricts, slow down
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When any part of this process malfunctions, the thyroid can produce too much hormone (----) or produce too little hormone (----) |
hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism |
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In healthy patient, the ---- can not be examined
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thyroid gland
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Over --- Americans have thyroid disorders, with 13 million having undiagnosed thyroid disorders.
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20 million
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----- have a higher risk: 1 out of 8 women will havesome type of disorder during their lifetime.
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Women
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And women are ---- times more likely to develop thyroid cancer than are men.
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3
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Although the disease affects teenagers and youngadults, most people who develop thyroid cancer are over --- years of age.
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50
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Thyroid disorders are not always obvious. Many symptoms of an under active thyroid (hypothyroidism), such as --- and ---, are nonspecific and may be attributed to other factors ----, ----, ----
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weight gain, fatigue,
Aging Menopause Depression |
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During a disease process involving the gland, the gland may become ---- and maybe visible in parts during an extraoral examination
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enlarged
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A Goiter may be ---- and --- when palpated and may contain hard masses
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firm & tender
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A goiter can occur with either ---- or ----- |
hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism
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Too much hormone produced
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Hyperthyroidism
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•Autoimmune diseases
(Graves’ disease) •Thyroiditis |
Causes of Hyperthyroidism
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•Protruding eyes(Exophthalmos)
•Tachycardia •Severe weight loss •Sweating •Tremors •Heat intolerance •Frequent bowel movements |
Signs/symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
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Premature primary exfoliation
Early eruption of permanent teeth |
Oral manifestations of Hyperthyroidism in Children
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Aggressive periodontal disease
Dental caries Osteoporosis of jaws Burning tongue Increased salivation |
Oral manifestations of Hyperthyroidism in Adults
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•Radioactive iodine (most common)
•Antithyroids: thyroid antagonists, block production of gland •Partial surgical gland removal |
Treatment for Hyperthyroidism
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•Thyroid storm
•Emergency with fever •Heart dysrhythmia •Tachycardia •Hypermetabolism •Can result in death |
Risk factors for Hyperthyroidism
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Too little hormone produced |
Hypothyroidism |
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•Autoimmune diseases Hashimoto thyroiditis •Severe iodine deficiency (uncommon in U.S. due toaddition of iodine to table salt) •Radioactive iodine or anti-thyroid medications used totreat hyperthyroidism •Removal of the gland •Medications |
Causes of Hypothyroidism |
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Daily use of synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine(Synthroid) |
Treatment of Hypothyroidism |
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Delayed development (physical and mental) |
Hypothyroidism in children |
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• Symmetrically enlarged thyroid gland • Signs & symptoms Weight gain (slow metabolism) Fatigue (slow metabolism) Low BP Slow pulse Skin dryness Hair coarseness Face puffiness Intolerance to cold temperatures Constipation Muscle cramping |
Hypothyroidism in adults |
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Both enlarged tongue & lips Delayed tooth eruption Possible enamel hypoplasia |
Oral manifestations of Hypothyroidism in children |
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Enlarged tongue Chronic, severe periodontaldisease Slow, hoarse speech Possibly gingivalhyperplasia |
Oral manifestations of Hypothyroidism in adults |
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The diseased gland mayalso lose its ---- and not move up when the patient swallows; this is indicative of a ----- |
mobility, tumorous growth |
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People exposed to high levels of ---- are muchmore likely than others to develop thyroid cancer. |
radiation |
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Between the 1950s and the 1960s, doctors used ----- to treat infants with enlarged ---- to reduce the risk of ----- and to treat children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids, acne, and other conditions affecting the head and neck. Later, scientists found that some people who hadreceived this kind of treatment developed thyroid cancer. |
high- dose radiation, thymus glands, SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) |
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Removal of all or part of gland usually produces ------ and they have to take ----- for the remainder of their lives |
hypothyroidism, Thyroid hormone replacement |
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Lymphatics is Part of ----- and help fight diseaseprocesses they also serve other functions in the body |
immune system |
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The lymphatic system consists of a network of lymphatic vesselslinking ---- throughout most of thebody. •Oral cavity & pharynx Tonsillar tissue |
lymph nodes |
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----- drains from the surrounding regioninto the lymphatic vessels as ---- |
Tissue fluid, lymph |
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System of endothelial-lined channels |
Lymphatic vessels |
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lymphatic vessels are lined with ----- |
endothelium |
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Bean-shaped bodiesgrouped in clusters along the connecting lymphatic vessels |
Lymph Nodes |
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Lymph Nodes are Positioned to filter ---- from the lymph to prevent their entry into the vascular system |
toxic products |
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Lymph Nodes are Part of ----- which is part of the ----- |
lymphatic system, immune system |
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Where throughout the body are Lymph Nodes Found |
•Head & neck area •Underarm •Groin •Abdomen |
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Lymph Nodes can be ---- inlocation with the superficial veins and are Located --- in tissuewith the deep blood vessels |
superficial, deep |
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In healthy patients, lymph nodes are usually ---, --- and ---- in the surrounding tissue. Due to this they normallycannot be ----- or ----- during an extraoral examination of a healthy patient |
small, soft, and free or mobile, visualized or palpated |
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Each lymph node is composed oforganized lymphoid tissue and contains ----- that actively filter ---- from lymph |
lymphocytes (WBCs), toxic products |
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Node is surrounded by --- and bands of connective tissue ----- extend from the capsule into the node. |
capsule (C), (trabeculae), |
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Trabeculae separate the node into masses of lymphocytes, the ----- |
lymphatic nodules (F) |
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Nonencapsulatedmasses of lymphoid tissue located in lamina propria of oral mucosa |
Intraoral Tonsillar Tissue |
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Intraoral Tonsillar Tissue is ----- that is continuous with the surrounding oral mucosa |
Stratified squamous epithelium |
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-----, like lymph nodes, contain ----- thatremove ---- products and then move to the epithelial surface as they mature |
Tonsils, lymphocytes, toxic |
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Unlike lymph nodes, ---- is not locatedalong lymphatic vessels but is situated near ---- and ---- to protect the body against disease processes from the related toxins |
tonsillar tissue, airway, food passages |
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Two rounded masses of variable size locatedbetween the anterior faucial pillar and posterior faucial pillar |
Palatine Tonsils |
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Indistinct layer of diffuselymphoid tissue located on base of dorsal surface of tongue, posterior to circumvallate lingual papillae |
Lingual Tonsil |
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Pharyngeal Tonsils are Located behind ----, on the ---- and ----- walls of nasopharynx |
uvula, superior & posterior |
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When Pharyngeal Tonsils become enlarged, as is common inchildren, they are considered the ----- |
adenoids |
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When a patient has an active disease process, suchas cancer or infection, in a specific region, the region’s lymph nodes respond |
Lymphadenopathy |
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Lymphadenopathy Results from an increase in both ---- of eachindividual lymphocyte and overall ---- in lymphoid tissue |
size, cell count |
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Changes in consistencyfrom ---- to ---- allow the lymph node to be palpated during the extra oral examination. Palpation of an involvednode may be painful, and the node can become ---- and ---- to the surrounding tissue |
firm to bony hard, fixed and attached |
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Lymphadenopathy canalso occur in the -----, causing tissue enlargement that can be viewed on an intramural examination. The intraoral tonsils mayalso be ---- when palpated |
intraoral tonsillar tissue, tender |
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Infectious Mononucleosis (“Mono”/ “Kissing disease”) is caused by the ----, part of the ---- family. it is common in teenagers & youngadults |
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Herpes |
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Pharyngitis & inflamed palatinetonsils with exudate Symptoms: • Lymphadenopathy • Fever • Fatigue |
Infectious Mononucleosis |
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Inner space of the nose |
Nasal Cavity |
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Nostrils, opening tonasal cavity |
Nares |
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Divides nasal cavity intotwo compartments |
Nasal septum |
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The nares are separatedby the midline -----, which consists of both bone and cartilage. The nasal septum alsodivides the internal nasal cavity into two parts |
nasal septum, |
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Three projectingstructures at each lateral wall of nasalcavity |
Nasal conchae |
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Beneath each conchaare ----- |
paranasal sinuses |
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the Nasal Cavity is Lined by a ----- |
respiratory mucosa |
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the Nasal Cavity Consists of ciliated------. Within the epitheliumand surrounded by mucous and serous glands are -----, which rest on the basement membrane |
pseudostratified columnar epithelium, goblet cells |
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The moist mucus in the nasal cavity forms asuperficial ----- on the respiratory mucosa. the Coating is moved by ---- action posteriorly to nasopharynx, where it is either ----- or -----; thus foreign materials are trapped & removed |
coating, ciliary, expectorated, swallowed |
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Paired air-filled cavities inbone |
Paranasal Sinuses |
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•Frontal •Sphenoidal •Ethmoidal •Maxillary sinuses |
Paranasal Sinuses |
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Some sinuses develop during late ---- life; therest develop after ---- |
fetal, birth |
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Paranasal Sinuses form as form as ----- of the wall of nasalcavity and become air-filled extensions in the adjacent bones |
outgrowths |
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Inflammation of respiratory mucosa of nasal cavity ¶nasal sinuses |
Sinusitis |
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Sinus space becomes ----- with mucus as aresult of ---- or ------. This inflammation can result in -----in the nasal cavity |
congested, allergies or respiratory tract infection, “stuffed-up feeling” |
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Headache that occurs because sinuses are swollen closed, congested with mucus, or infected |
Sinus Headache |
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What is responsible for salivary flow? |
Myoepithelial cells |
