Histology

Front 1

what are the 3 types of cartilage?

Back 1

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartliage

Front 2

what do the chondrocytes do and what is their location?

Back 2

form the extracellular matrix, present in cartilage

Front 3

what is the role of chondroblasts?

Back 3

the begin the synthesis of ground substance and fibres of the extracellular matrix.

Front 4

what happens when chondroblasts become trapped within secreted matrix?

Back 4

they undergo mitotic divisions and form a small cluster of mature cartilage cells, the chondrocytes.

Front 5

what is within the perichondrium that surrounds mature cartilage?

Back 5

collagen and spindle-shaped cells that are like fibroblasts.

Front 6

does mature cartilage have a good or bad blood supply and what does this mean for repair?

Back 6

no, has a limited capacity for repair and to regenerate cartilage.

Front 7

what 2 features of chondrocytes reflects its active role in synthesising ground substance and fibres?

Back 7

large lipid droplets and a cytoplasm rich in glycogen.

Front 8

what is ground substance?

Back 8

glycosamioglycans.

Front 9

which gylcosaminoglycans does hylaline cartilage contain?

Back 9

hyaurlonic acid, keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate.

Front 10

what is the source of nutrients in cartilage?

Back 10

diffusion through synovial fluid.

Front 11

what type of collagen in present in bone?

Back 11

1

Front 12

what is deposited to mineralise osteoids?

Back 12

calcium hydroxyapatite?

Front 13

what is common of osteoblasts?

Back 13

large, broad, spindle-shaped or cuboidal, abundant golgi and ER.

Front 14

what do osteoclasts do?

Back 14

secrete enzymes to destroy the organic osteoid matrix, where organic acids dissolve the mineral components.

Front 15

what are howships lacunae?

Back 15

gaps in bone structure from erosion from osteoclasts.

Front 16

what are canaliculi?

Back 16

osteocyte cytoplasm processes that provide passages for extracellular fluid and diffusion of metabolites between lacunae and haversian canals.

Front 17

what type of immune response cells are present in loose connective tissue?

Back 17

macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes and plasma cells.

Front 18

what is the function of epithelia?

Back 18

forms an interface barrier between body and external environment.

Front 19

is epithelia vascular or avascular?

Back 19

avascular

Front 20

what is simple epithelia's usual function?

Back 20

selective diffusion, absorption or secretion.

Front 21

where would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

Back 21

lining small ducts and tubules, collecting ducts in kidney, and excretory ducts of salivary glands and pancreas.

Front 22

what are the 5 functions of skin?

Back 22

protection, sensation, thermoregulation, metabolic function and sexual attraction.

Front 23

which layer of epidermis is responsible for the regeneration of the other layers?

Back 23

basal cell layer

Front 24

what is common of the prickel cell layer?

Back 24

contains polyhedral keratinocytes that have large pale nuclei but prominent nucleoli.

Front 25

why is the prickel layer named so?

Back 25

cytokeratin forms tonofibrils which form bundles for desmosomes. they form bridges with keratinocytes in granular layer appearing spiky.

Front 26

how is skin made thicker?

Back 26

more keratinisation in epidermis.

Front 27

what cells are present in the epidermis?

Back 27

melanocytes, langerhans cells and merkel cells.

Front 28

what happens in osteoarthritis?

Back 28

changes in articular cartilage mean that stress is put upon the chondrocytes, these breakdown releasing products that will then breakdown surrounding tissues, cartilage softens further, surface becomes thin and uneven eroding the bon below, bony trabeculae can fracture. Osteoblasts try responding by forming new bone and other areas become necrosed. combination of this damages tissues and joints causing pain.

Front 29

what happens in newly developing bone or bone after a fracture?

Back 29

the collagen fibres arrange randomly and is called woven bone. this is then broken down by osteoclasts and made into cortical or cancellous bone (adult).

Front 30

what does H&E stain?

Back 30

cytoplasm and connective tissue stains pink and nuclei purple.

Front 31

what does massons trichome stain?

Back 31

nucleus purple, cytoplasm brick red and connective tissue green/blue.

Front 32

what does haematoxylin van giesons stain?

Back 32

nucleus grey/blue, cytoplasm green/yellow and connective tissue particularly collagen red.

Front 33

what will elastic van gieson do?

Back 33

stain collagen red but elastic fibres black.

Front 34

what are the 5 main stages to prepare a histological stain?

Back 34

fixing (freezing or formaldehyde), processing (removing water and addition of paraffin wax), embedding (paraffin wax and resin), sectioning (longitudinally or horizontal) and staining.