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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do you need to know to be able to name the exact type of epithelia?
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How many layers
The shape of the cell |
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What are the different terms used to describe the shape and number of cell layers found in epithelia?
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Shape:
Squamous Epithelium: Thin and flat Cuboidal Epithelium: Square-shaped Columnar Epithelium: Tall, slender rectangles Number of layers Simple Epithelium: Single layer of cells Straified Epithelium: Several layers of cells |
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The different cell junctions and where you find them
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Tight (occluding) junctions: The lipid portion of two plasma membranes are tightly bound by interlocking membrane proteins. Tight enough to prevent the passage of water and other solutes.
Gap junctions: Cells are held together by channel proteins, which allow for the passage of small molecules and ions from cell to cell. Desmosomes: Very strong interconnections between cells, resist stretching and twisting. Hemidesmosomes: Attach extracellular filaments to the basement membrane. |
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Define the apical vs. basal surfaces
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Apical layer: Top layer
Basal layer: Bottom layer |
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Identify the two principle layers of the integument
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Epidermis
Dermis |
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Is there a possible 3rd layer and what is it called?
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Hypodermis
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Identify the 2 regions that make up the dermis layer
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Papillary layer
Reticular layer |
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Which epidermal layers are considered "alive" and which are not?
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Dead:
Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Alive: Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale |
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Why do the cells of the epidermal layer die?
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Because they’re constantly producing more cells so they need to die to be replaced.
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What are lines of cleavage and why is it important to understand them?
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Lines of cleavage are the collagen and elastic fibers that run along the body. They are important to understand and know because when you’re doing surgery if you cut perpendicular the fibers split and they scars take a lot longer to heal however if you cut parallel to the lines of cleavage the scars heal a lot faster.
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Describe the two major groups of all glands in the body – all glands could be placed into one of these two groups
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Endocrine: Ductless, go directly to the blood stream
Exocrine: Have ducts, they go to the surface |
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Describe and provide an example of the different modes of secretion from glandular epithelium
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3 modes of secretion:
Merocrine: Discharges the secretions they produce (ie, sweat glands, salivary glands) Apocrine: Apocrine portion of cytoplasm is packed with secretory vessicles and is then pinched off (ie, milk secretion from mammary glands) Holocrine: The gland cell is actually destroyed (ie, oil produced by sebacious glands in hair follicles) |
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Identify the two types of exocrine glands found in skin
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Sweat
Sebacous |
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Identify the two types of sweat glands in the skin
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Apocrine and Merocrine
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How are these two types of sweat glands different in terms of function and location?
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Apocrine: Secretes directly into the hair follicle, use merocrine secretion.
Merocrine: Discharges directly onto the surface of the skin. |
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What specific tissue type/s do you find in the dermis?
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Papillary Layer: Aereolar tissue
Reticular Layer: Dense irregular CT |
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Understand the different classifications (categories) of connective tissue (CT):
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Connective Tissue Proper
Loose CT (less fibers, more ground substance) Areolar - Papillary layer of dermis Adipose - Subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis) Reticular - Spleen, liver and lymph nodes Dense CT (more fibers, less ground substance) Dense Regular CT - Tendons and ligaments Dense Irregular CT - Reticular layer of dermis Dense Eslastic CT - Wall of aorta Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage - Ends of bones Fibrocartilage - Meniscus Elastic Cartilage - Epiglottis, External ear Bone Compact Bone Spongy Bone “Fluid” Connective Tissues Blood |
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Describe the different types of fibers found with connective tissue (Collagen, Reticular, Elastic)
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Collagen:
Most common fibers Long, straight and un-branched Strong and flexible Resist force in one direction Tendons and ligaments Reticular: Network of interwoven fibers Strong and flexible Resist force in many different directions Sheaths around organs Elastic: Contain elastin Branched and wavy Return to original length after stretching Ligaments of vertebrae |
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What is the matrix and what is it made up of?
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“Packing Material”
Composed of Elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and ground substance |
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What is the function (role) of fibroblasts and fibrocytes?
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Synthesize the extracellular matrix and cartilages
Fibrocytes differentiate from fibroblasts |
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List the different types of membranes
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Mucous
Serous Cutaneous Synovial |
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List the different types of serous membranes and where you find them
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Pleura: Found in the lungs
Peritonium: Found in the abdominal organs Pericardium: Found in the heart |
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Name the two major types of neural cells and the functions of each
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Neurons: They are responsible for electrical communication
Neuroglia: Responsible for feeding, and supporting the neuron |
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Describe the basic parts of a neuron
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Cell body
Axon Dendrites |
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Where do action potential and graded potentials take place in the neuron?
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Action Potential: Axon
Graded Potential: Cell body |
