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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The two types of cuts are
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Longitudinal & Transverse
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Stain in which the nuclei are blue, and cytoplasm/collagen & muscle are pink is:
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H&E, Hemotoxylin & Eosin
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T/F
The epithelium of all organs is derived from the endoderm |
F
Ecto - Epi of skin, mouth, anus Meso - Epi of kidney, gonads, vessels Endo - Epi of respiratory track, GI, bladder |
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The 4 tissue types are
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Epithelial
Muscle Connective Tissue Nervous |
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Epithelium are described as:
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Closely adhering sheet(s) of cells that are avascular, and can be single or multiple layers. They are uninucleate, polyhedral, polar (apical, basal, lateral), and have a BM. Epithelial tissues have regular turnover and are adhered together with tight junctions.
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From the apical edge of epithelium, what are the layers underneath?
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Epithelium, basement membrane (lucida, lamina, fibroreticularis), connective tissue
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Main locations of epithelial tissues
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Covering body
Internal cavities Various organs/glands Lining of ducts |
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What is the BM composed of?
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Collagen types IV, VII, proteoglycans, lamin, enactin, fibronectin, reticular fibers (connective tissue)
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Epithelium types
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Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional (only in bladder, renal pelvis, ureters for expansion/recoil)
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Epithelium layers
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Simple - single layer
Stratified - multiple layers Pseudo - not really layered, but appears to be due to differences in cell type. Note that all cells are attached to BM |
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Function of simple squamous epithelium include:
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Reduce friction, vessel permeability, absorption/secretion
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Function of simple cuboidal epithelium include:
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Secretion/absorption, limited protection
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Functions of simple columnar epithelium include:
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Protection, secretion, absorption
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Purpose of BM
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Metabolism regulation, control of differentiation, and growth
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Which type of epithelial tissue protects?
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Epidermal
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Sensory epithelial tissue is called?
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Neuro-epithelium
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Glandular epithelium __________ whereas glomerular epithelium __________.
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secretes, filters
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Epithelial transportation occurs in what type of tissue?
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Respiratory
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Epithelial tissue with a contractile ability is?
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Myoepithelium
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Transitional epithelium is characterized by:
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Umbrella cells
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In stratified epithelium, the layer used for nomenclature is located where?
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The top/most superficial layer is used for naming
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium has a special function which is:
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The movement of mucus via cilia
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Locations of ciliated columnar epithelial tissue
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Lining of nasal cavity
Trachea Bronchi Portions of male reproductive tract |
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Locations of simple columnar epithelial tissue
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Lining of stomach
Intestine Gallbladder Uterine tubes Collecting duct of kidney |
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Locations of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
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Glands
Ducts Thyroid gland |
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Locations of simple squamous epithelial tissue
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Lining of vertebral body cavities
Lining of heart Lining of blood vessels Xchange surface of lung |
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Function of stratified squamous epithelium
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Protect against abrasion, pathogens, chemical attack
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Function of stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium?
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Protection (both)
Secretion/absorption (cuboidal only) |
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4 luminal surface modifications of epithelial tissue are
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Microvili
Stereocilia Cilia Keratin |
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Purpose of Microvili as surface modification?
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Enhance surface area by extending finger-like areas of plasma membrane
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Purpose of Stereocilia as surface modification?
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Elongated microvili that are present in the epididymis and vas deferens
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Purpose of cilia?
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Move fluid and particles
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Purpose of Keratin?
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Protein product used for protective layer on lumen
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Epithelial tissues have secretory adaptations for 4 main cell types
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Protein
Mucin Lipid Ions/Water can be seen by alterations in cell organelle content |
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Epithelial cells responsible for Mucin production & secretion have....
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a basal RER, golgi more cervical to RER, and the apical end of the cell is occupied with mucous secreting cells
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What is mucin?
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Proteoglycan w/ GAG on protein core. Various types.Sugar portion added at Golgi
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Lipid secreting/producing epithelial tissue has an abundance of what ER type, and why?
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Smooth ER, plus a lot of cells filled with lipid droplets
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Differentiate exo & endocrine glands
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Exo: secrete via ducts
Endo: ductless, product is released directly onto basement membrane |
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Modes of Exocrine secretion include:
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Apocrine: Small portion of cell released with secretory product
Merocrine: Secretory product released via exocytosis & vesicles Holocrine: Cell undergoes apoptosis to release contents |
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Exocrine secretory products include:
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Mucous
Glycolsylated, thick, slimy Serous Nonglycosylated or poorly glycosylated, watered down |
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What is the purpose of invaginations on various ducts?
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To increase surface area for secretion
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Process for nomenclature on ducts?
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1. Branching or nonbranching of duct
Simple vs. Compound 2. Shape of secretory portion Branched or Coiled or None Acenar vs. Tubular "Compound, branched, tubular exocrine gland" |
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The three extracellular matrix products are:
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Fibers, ground substance, extracellular fluid
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Triple helix molecule that makes up collagen is:
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Tropocollagen
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5 Collagen types to know
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I - Mechanical, for bone
II - Hyaline cartilage III - Reticulin (delicate) IV & VII: BM components |
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Reticulin...
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Provides supporting framework, mesh-like, branched
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Elastic fibers...
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Allow for stretch and distension (due to desmosine and isodesmosine)
Elastin & Fibrillin Thinner than collagen Made by fibroblasts & muslce cells |
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The main substance in ground substance is
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Proteoglycans/GAG's
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Mesenchyme tissue can be identified by a special nuclear shape, what is it??
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Stellate/ovoid.
Unspecialized cells, give rise to CT's of body |
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Mucous connective tissue can be found
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in the umbilicus, mostly HA
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Hibernating animals have a lot of _____ fat.
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Brown
Highly vascular, polygonal, smaller than unilocular |
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Types of specialized connective tissue include:
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Adipose
Cartilage Bone Blood Hematopoietic (blood production) Lymphatic |
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Loose connective tissue includes
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Slender bundles of collagen, elastic fibers, and watery matrix
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Connective tissue proper includes
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Loose & Dense (irregular & regular)
Dense CT has less cells and more abundance of fibers |
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The two embryonic connective tissues are
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Mucous (mostly HA, found in umbilicus) and Mesenchyme (gives rise to other connective tissues in the body, cells have irregular/stellate and ovoid shape)
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What are fibroblasts?
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Responsible for synthesis of extracellular matrix and collagen. Can move and fill in areas where fibers are needed. Most common cell in connective tissue.
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Macrophage vs. Histocyte?
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Macrophage is mobile, histiocyte has same function, but is stationary.
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The dominant cell type in adipose tissue is....
The functions of adipose tissue includes... |
The adipocyte. Can be solid or clustered.
Cushion, insulation, storage of energy and water, endocrine tissue that influences metabolic rate |
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Summarize the two adipose tissue types
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White - unilocular. One large fat droplet
Brown - multilocular. Smaller than unilocular. Found in hibernating animals |
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Cartilage tissue has a specialized function in that it
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is stress bearing.
Cartilage is solid, firm, highly resilient, permeable |
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Main components of cartilage include:
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Proteoglycans, collagen, HA
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Cartilage tissue types include:
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Hyaline - Type II collagen, proteoglycans, HA
Elastic - Hyaline + Elastic fibers Fibrocartilage - Hyaline, Type I collagen |
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A homogeneous, amorphous matrix that is highly hydrated and avascular is
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Hyaline cartilage.
Has fibroblasts and spindle cells that become chondroblasts (maintain chondrons = functional unit of cartilage) |
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Fibrocartilage is
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Combo of dense CT and hyaline cartilage
A lot less matrix Ability to resist compression and shearing force, therefore present in areas that see a lot of strain |
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Components of bone and their portions include
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Osteoid (25%, Type I collagen), Water (25%), Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate 50%)
Formed by mineralization/calcification which is salts being laid down on collagen fiber framework which crystallize and harden. Experience CONSTANT REMODELING |
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Cell types in bone and their originators
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Osteoprogenitor (prior to all cell types) > Osteoblasts (secrete matrix of Type I, proteo, GAG's) > Osteocytes (mature bone cells, waiting in lacunae, maintain nutrients)
Osteoclasts - stem from monocytes. Tear down/degrade calcified matrix via collagenase |
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Most common protein in the blood
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Albumin
Acts as carrier for hydrophobic molecules |
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Purpose of fibrinogen in blood
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Clotting
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Most abundant WBC's are
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Neutrophils
Chemotaxis (chemicals induce movement of cells), then margination (slowing down) and diapedesis (exiting of lumen) |
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Granulocytes include....
Agranulocytes include... |
Neutrolphils (neutral), Eosinophils (red stain, acidic), Basophils (stain purple, basic)
Platelets |
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Polymorphealnucleosite (PMN's) means
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One nucleus that has a "dumbell' or "lobed" shape
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Eisonophils respond to
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Worms, allergic reactions
They have cytotoxins and neurotoxin that can kill worms. They also increase during allergic reactions due to IgE receptors (made during allergic reactions). |
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Basophils
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Least numerous of WBC's, dye blue. Help to dilate the capillary walls in allergic reactions due to vasoactive reactions. Assist in allowing neutrophils to exit lumen
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Monocytes
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Agranual
Wander, phagocytic cells. Once they exit lumen, they will become a macrophage or histiocyte. Remain loyal to tissues they're in (change gene expression) |
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Lymphocytes
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NK - innate immune. No triggers needed to kill tumor cells
T/B - will mature in either the thymus or bone marrow T: Humoral B: Adaptive "back bone to immune systen" |
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Platelets
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Clotting factors
Stick to make plug, release chemicals to make clot, then clot removal |
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Single Cell and Multi Cell Contractile units in blood are
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Single: myoepithelial (epithelium w/contractile ability)
pericytes (used in lumen size modification, small cells around periphery of endothelial cells) myofibroblasts (fibroblasts w/ specialized ability to move) Multi-cellular Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac |
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Traits of skeletal muscle
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Multi-nucleated (edge of muscle)
Voluntary Striated Controlled by motor nerves |
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Traits of smooth muscle
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Not striated
Involuntary Uninucleated Utilized calmodulin Fusiform Gap junctions present to induce peristaltic movements/wave-like contractions |
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Traits of cardiac muscle
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Branched
1-2 nuclei Only in heart Intercalated discs Involuntary |
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The layers of the heart from the outside in are:
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Epicardium
Visceral pericardium, simple squamous, elastic fibers, nerves, tissues Myocardium Cardiac myocytes Collagenous CT w/adipose, vessels, nerves Endocardium Inner lining of atria & ventricles, simple squamous, Prukinje fibers |
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Capilary types:
Define Continuous |
Found in most tissues
Continuous Epi Pinocytosis/diffusion Scattered tight junctions |
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Capillary type:
Define Fenestrated |
Perforated endo
Enables extensive exchange w/blood Continuous BM Kidney, sm intest, endocrine |
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Capillary type:
Define Discontinuous |
Perforated BM and Endo
Liver, lymphoid, endocrine |
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What make up the Nervous System
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CNS vs. PNS
PNS > Sensory (aff) vs. Motor (eff) Motor> Auto vs. Somatic Auto> SNS vs. PNS |
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Functional unit of NS is?
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Neurons
Conducting potential Longevity (arrested in G0 phase) Amniotic High metabo rate (utilize a lot of ATP) |
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The six types of glial cells include
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CNS
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal Cells PNS Schwann Satellite |
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Astrocytes
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Assists in the migration of developing neurons
**Maintain blood:brain barrier Largest & most numerous cells in CNS |
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Oligodendrocytes
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Myelinate many neuron axons in CNS
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Microglia
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Clear debris
Dervied from WBC's as macrophages in CNS ID by "pinched" nucleus (flat in micrograph) |
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Ependymal cells
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Form lining of fluid-filled ventricles w/cuboidal and columnar cells
Source and circulation of CSF via cilia |
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Satellite cells
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PNS
Small cells that surround neurons for structural support and insulation |
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Schwann Cells
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Myelinate one portion of one axon in PNS
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Describe PNS tissue coverings
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Endonerium
Each axon covering Perinerium Fascicles of fibers Epinerium All fascicles of nerve |
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Draw layers of digestive trackq
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See purple sheet
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