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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what stains heterochromatic in neuroglial cells
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the nucleus
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what stains euchromatic in neurons
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nucleus
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what doesnt contain the Golgi complex and is not myelinated
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dendrites
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what dosent contain nissl bodies
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axon hillock
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what part of the axon shows an electron dense undercoating
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spike trigger zone
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what is anterograde
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moving away from the cell body
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what is retrograde
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moving toward the cell body
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what part of the axons has an asymmetric ion distribution
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axolemma
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what is the function of neuroglial cells
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maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for the brain's neurons.
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what part of the neuron transmits electrochemical signals
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axons
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what is the relationship of neuronal structure to function
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unipolar cells-embryogenesis
bipolar neurons-olfactory neurons pseudounipolar-sensory multipolar neurons-motor neurons |
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what part of the neuron receives electrochemical signals
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dendrites and cell body
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how wide is the synaptic cleft
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20nm wide
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what are satellite cells
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Any of the cells that envelop the bodies of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
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can dorsal root ganglions innervate muscles
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yes
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what is the function of autonomic ganglion in smooth muscles,-viscera-cardiac muscles
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motor innervations
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what is chromatolysis
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disintegration of Nissl bodies of a neuron as a result of injury, fatigue, or exhaustion.
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neuroma
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when the regenerating neurites fail to grow through the endoneurim channel in peripheral nerve injury and regeneration
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Where do muscle tissue originate from
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mesoderm (myotome and lateral plates)
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myoblasts
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is a type of embryonic[1] progenitor cell that gives rise to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
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skeletal muscle
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centrally located nucleus
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cardiac muscle
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nuclei centrally located (CC)
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visceral striated muscle
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tongue, pharynx
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single nucleated cells, no T-tubules
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smooth muscle
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epimysium
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dense connective tissue
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perimysium
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fascicle. Delicate CT.
skeletal muscle |
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endomysium
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recticular fibers and basal lamina
skeletal muscle |
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skeletal muscle forms of energy storage
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Energy-rich phosphate compounds (ATP, phosphocreatine) and glycogen depots
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types of skeletal muscle
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type I -slow oxidative fibers
type IIa-fast oxidative glycolytic fibers Type IIb-fast glycolytic fibers |
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why do slow oxidative fibers look red
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myoglobin and cytochrome-high
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extraocular muscles of human eye, digits
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Type IIb or fast glycolytic fibers
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muscle fascicles
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surround by perimysium
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thin filaments
thick filaments |
actin (tropomyosin, troponin)
myosin |
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muscle spindle
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specialized stretch receptor within skeletal muscle
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tendon organs
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an afferent nerve fiber that terminates in a number of branches upon slips of tendon where the tendon join onto muscle muscle fibers
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cardiac muscle
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one, central nucleus
occasionally two diads ( sarcoplasmic recticulum and T tubules) |
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everthing in cardiac muscle is large than the skeletal accept what
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sarcoplamic reticulum is less developed in cardiac muscle than skeletal
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cardiac muscle energy supply
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fatty acids- triglycerides
and glycogen-small amount |
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smooth muscle
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sarcoplasmic recticulum-rudimentary
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whole blood
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8% body weight
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whole blood
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55% blood plasma
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largest component of blood plasma
largest blood plasma protein |
water
albumins |
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hemtocrit
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percent of red blood cells in whole blood
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largest formed blood element
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Red blood cells
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largest percent leukocyte
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neutrophil ( 60 to 70%)
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extreme derformable, anucleate, biconcave, aggglutinogens (antigens) embedded in RBC plasma membrane
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erythrocytes
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largest percent agranulocyte leukocyte
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lymphocytes (20-25%)
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polymorhonuclear leukocytes
most abundant granules smallest granules |
neutrophils
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phosphasomes
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tertiary granules in neutrophils contain phosphates
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metalloproteinases
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tertiary granules in neutrophils containing metalloproteinases to facilitate movement through the connective tissue
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first cells to thrieve at sites of tissue damage
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neutrophils
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bilobed nucleus
contain a crystalloid body surround by matrix-specific granule |
eosinophils
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specific granules
stain dark blue to purple similar to connective tissue mast cell function |
basophils
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largest percent lymphocytes
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T-cells
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only leukocyte that returns blood from CT
variable lifespan (days to years) |
lymphocytes
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indented to kidney-shaped nucleus
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monocytes
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antigen presentation in the immune system
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monocytes
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not a cell-membrane-limited cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes in marrow
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thrombocytes (plates)
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no nucleus
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plates
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pluripotential stem cells gives rise to HSC and MSC
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true
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Multtipotential hematopoetic stem cells (HSC) give rise to
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lymphoid MSC and Myeloid MSC
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Lymphoid MSC give rise to
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T-cells and B-cells
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myeloid MSC give rise to
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erythrocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, megakryocytes
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myeloblasts
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no cytoplasmic granules
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promyelocyte
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first azurophilic granules
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myelocyte
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(neutrophilic, eosinophilic or basophilic)-initial secretion of specific granules
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metamyelocyte
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((neutrophilic, eosinophilic or basophilic)--abundant specific granules, few azurophilic granules, atrophic golgi
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band or stab cell
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neutrophil only, others have no designation at this stage
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largest blood disbribution
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systemic veins and venules (blood reservoirs ) 60%
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tunica intima
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not present in smaller vessels
endomethelium+ basal lamina |
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tunica media
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reticular fibers, elastic fibers and elastic lamellae
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tunica adventitia
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outermost layer
collagen and elastic fibers |
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vasa vasorum
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vascular supply to walls of large blood vessels
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capillaries
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endothelium
basal lamina pericytes |
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capillaries
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continous-(somatic )
fenestrated-visceral (diaphragm-fenestrated and no-diaphragm-fenestrated) |
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discontinous-sinusoidal capillaries
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fenestractions w/o diaphragm-some w/large gaps
located in liver and hematopoietic organs |
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metarterioles
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arterioles w/discontinous layer of smooth muscle
constriction slows down circulation in capillaries |
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precapillary sphincters
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complete ring of smooth muscle at junction of metarterioles and capillaries
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arteriovenous anastomosis
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shunts from arteries to veins
baypasses capillary beds |
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portal system
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arterial system
venous system two capillary beds w/arterioles or venules between them. |
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arterioles
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no external elastic lamina
thin adventitia |
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muscular arteries
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prominent internal elastic laminae
up to 40 layers of smooth muscle in media |
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elastic arteries
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thick tunica intima and subendothelial layer
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elastic arteries
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external elastic lamina present but indistinguishable
aorta |
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venules
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pericytes in small postcapillary venules
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large veins
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non valves in large veins (e.g brachiocephalic. etc)
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lymph vascular system
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very thin endothelium
no fenestrations |
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larger lymph vessels
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thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
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heart tunics
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endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
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innate immunity
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no memory ( same response each time)
non-specific recognition rapid response (hours) |
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adaptive immunity
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slow response ( days to weeks)
specific recognition lasting memory ( enhanced response each time) |
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humoral response
cellular immunity |
adaptive immunity
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immune system cells
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granulocytes
lymphocytes antigen-presenting cells |
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all participate in innate immunity
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granulocytes
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B lymphocytes
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participate in adaptive immunity
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T lymphocytes
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60-80% of blood lymphocytes
helper T cells cytotoxic T cells regulatory T cells |
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antigen presenting cells
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macrophages, dendritic cells, langerhans cells, B-lymphocytes, epithelial reticular cells ( in thymus)
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what is the lymphopoiesis stem cell source
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yolk sac
fetal liver bone marrow |
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stem cells in blood stimulate
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thymus and bursa analogy (central and primary lymphoid organs)
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what stimulates dissemination
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effector cells
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what stimulates seeding in peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs
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T cells and B cell Cells
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classification of lymphoid tissue
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diffuse
dense lymph nodes |
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lymph tissue components
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central (primary)
peripheral (sec) |
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MALT
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unencapsulated lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa
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lymph nodes
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distributed throughout the body along the paths of lympatic vessels (neck, thorax, abdomen, groin regions)
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GALT
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Gult associated with LT
peye's patches appendix |
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BALT
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bronchus associated LT
tonsils |
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capsule
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dense connective tissue that surround the lymph nodes
sends trabeculae into lymph node inferior |
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subscapular sinus
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a loose network of macrophages, reticular cells and fibers
communicate with medullary sinuses through trabecular sinuses |
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cortex
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outer and inner
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germinal center
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large number of macrophages surrounded by B lymphocytes
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medullary cords
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irregular extension of the inner cortex containing B lymphocytes and some plasma cells
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medullary sinuses
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irregular dilated spaces containing lymph
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spleen structure
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capsule
trabeculae cortex red pulp white pulp |
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white pulp
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PALS (periarterial lymphoid sheath)-T-cell area
PWP (peripheral white pulp)-B-cell area |
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Red Bulb
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splenic cords (billroths cords)
venous sinuses |
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what is the key cell that causes peripheral nerve regeneration
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schawan cells
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what fuses to form muscle fiber
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myoblasts
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key difference between skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cell
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skeletal muscle is long, cyclindrical muscle fibers and cardiac muscle is short and branched
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which muscle is morphologically indentical to skeletal muscle
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visceral striated muscle
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key difference between skeletal, visceral, and cardiac muscle vs smooth muscle
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smooth muscle is non striated
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what controls muscle fiber type
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innervation
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muscle spindle stretch in response to what
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re sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle, which primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle. They convey length information to the central nervous system via sensory neurons. This information can be processed by the brain to determine the position of body parts.
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Lipofuscin
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finely granular yellow-brown pigment granules[1] composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion, considered one of the aging or "wear and tear" pigments, found in the liver, kidney, heart muscle, adrenals, nerve cells, and ganglion cells
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atrial myofibers
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T-tubules-limited or absent
membrane-limited granules (high-molecular weight precursors of atrial natriurectic factor) |
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intercalated discs
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cell-to-cell junctions
transverse portion longitudinal portion |
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Fusiform cells
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Formed like a spindle, wider in the middle and tapering toward the ends.(e.g smooth muscle)
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