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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what causes cycling in the ovarian events and in the endometrium?
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ovarian hormones (LH, FSH, Estrogen, Progesterone) cycle and drive cyclic events
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what is germinal epithelium?
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simple cuboidal epithelium covering the ovary
(derived from peritoneum) |
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from what is the germinal epithelium derived?
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peritoneum
(epithelium covering ovary) |
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what is the dense connective tissue capsule of the ovaries?
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tunica albuginea
(more cellular than that found in the testis) |
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what is in the cortex of the ovary?
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oocytes and follicles
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what is in the medulla of the ovary?
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blood vessels
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what marker is increased in the blood of many ovarian cancer patients?
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cancer antigen 125 (CA 125)
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why is CA 125 used to test for? why is it rather unspecific?
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ovarian cancer
non-specific because it is also elevated in other conditions (cirrhosis, ovarian cyst, pancreatic cancer) |
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what is the main origin of ovarian cancers? how does this differ from testicular cancers?
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ovarian cancers - mainly originate in epithelium
testicular cancers - mainly originate in germ cells |
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what are teratomas?
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encapsulated tumor with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of all three germ layers
(germ cell tumors) |
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what composes a follicle?
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single oocyte, surrounded by one or more layers of follicular epithelium
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from what do oocytes develop?
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primordial germ cells (oogonia, derived from yolk sac endoderm) which migrate to the genital ridges
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what happens to oogonia during fetal development?
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all enter meiosis and become arrested in meiosis 1, so there are no more oogonia after birth (only oocytes)
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what are primordial follicles?
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inactive follicle, present since birth
primary oocyte, surrounded by single layer of squamous follicular cells |
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what is a primary follicle?
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developing follicle
primary oocyte increases in size and has one to several layers of cuboidal follicular cells surrounding it, zona pellucida begins to form |
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what is the zona pellucida?
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glycoprotein-rich layer of cells between the oocyte and granulosa cells (begins to form in primary follicles)
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what are granulosa cells?
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cuboidal follicular cells surrounding the oocyte in primary follicles
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what happens in a secondary follicle?
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granulosa cells produce follicular fluid which accumulates to form the antrum
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what is an antrum?
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cavity in a secondary follicle, filled with follicular fluid
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what is in the follicular fluid of the antrum?
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steroid binding proteins - concentrate estrogens and progesterone in oocyte microenvironment
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when do fibroblasts surrounding a follicle differentiate into two layers?
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secondary follicle
(theca interna and theca externa) |
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what is secreted by the cells of the theca interna?
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androgens (converted to estrogens by granulosa cells)
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what does the theca externa consist of?
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vascular connective tissue
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what cells convert androgens to estrogens in the ovary?
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granulosa cells
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what is a mature (Graafian) follicle?
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the one follicle, from the developing cohort that ovulates each month
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what is the corona radiata?
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rim of granulosa cells in the mature follicle which adheres to the oocyte
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when does an oocyte complete its first meiotic division?
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just before ovulation
(produces first polar body and secondary oocyte) |
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what is an ovum?
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a haploid female reproductive cell or gamete
a secondary oocyte |
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when does an oocyte complete its second meiotic division?
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completed at fertilization
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what keeps an oocyte from completeing both meiotic divisions at the same time?
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secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase II, after the first meiotic division
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what is a corpus luteum?
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temporary endocrine gland formed after ovulation, from the theca lutein and granulosa lutein cells of the ruptured follicle
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what maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy?
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human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
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what secretes human chorionic gonadotropin? when? what does HCG do?
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trophoblastic cells in placenta
during pregnancy maintains corpus luteum |
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what happens to the corpus luteum?
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if woman becomes pregnant, the corpus luteum is maintained by the HCG produced by trophoblastic cells in the placenta
if she doesn't, the corpus luteum involutes after 10-14 days |
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what causes the corpus luteum to degenerate?
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lack of leutinizing hormone (LH)
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which layer of the corpus luteum is darker?
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theca lutein is darker than granulosa lutein
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what is secreted by granulosa lutein cells?
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progesterone
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what is secreted by theca lutein cells?
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estrogen precursors
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what is a corpus albicans?
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scar tissue formed by degeneration of a corpus luteum (from either menstruation or pregnancy)
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what happens to corpus albicans?
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removed by macrophages
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what are the uterine tubes?
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aka oviducts, fallopian tubes
muscular tubes that connect the uterus to the region of the ovaries |
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what are the segments of the uterine tubes?
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interstitial segment - within uterine wall
isthmus - narrow, medial 1/3 of oviduct ampulla - dilated, intermediate portion infundibulum - most lateral segment |
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where is the intramural (interstitial) segment of the oviduct?
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within the uterine wall
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where is the isthmus of the oviduct?
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narrow, medial 1/3 of oviduct
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where is the ampulla of the oviduct?
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dilated, intermediate portion of oviduct
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what is the most common site for fertilization?
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ampulla of oviduct
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where does the distal end of the infundibulum of the oviduct open?
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into peritoneal cavity
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what are fimbriae?
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mucosal projections of the infundibulum of the oviduct which extend toward the ovary
(fingers) |
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what are the three layers in the wall of the oviduct?
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mucosa
muscularis serosa |
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describe the mucosa of the oviduct?
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extensively folded and lined with simple columnar epithelium
(lamina propria is highly vascular with smooth muscle cells) |
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what are the two cell types of the epithelium lining the mucosa of the oviduct?
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ciliated cells
peg cells (simple columnar epithelium) |
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what are peg cells?
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non-ciliated epithelial cell in the fallopian tube, which is secretory
secretes: nutrients for spermatazoa, ovum and zygote |
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what is the function of the muscularis of the oviduct?
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peristaltic movements directed toward uterus
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what happens to the oviduct if the ovaries are removed?
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secretory cells become inactive and there are few ciliated cells present because the epithelium is hormone-responsive
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what is a tubal ectopic pregnancy?
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implantation of a fertilized ovum in the fallopian tube
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what is the most frequent location for ectopic implantation of a fertilized ovum?
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fallopian tube
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what frequently occurs with tubal ectopic pregnancies?
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severe hemorrhage into the lumen of the fallopian tube (an acute abdominal emergency)
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how is GnRH (LHRH) normally released?
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normally secreted in episodic bursts
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what is the effect of FSH in ovulation?
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fosters follicular growth
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what is the effect of LH in ovulation?
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surge of LH triggers ovulation
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what causes a surge of leutinizing hormone?
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increase in estrogen in late follicular phase, stimulating LHRH release
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how do hormonal contraceptives inhibit pregnancy?
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inhibit ovulation by maintaining constant, high levels of progesterone, estrogen, or both, which inhibits the release of FSH and LH and prevents ovulation
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what are the targets for oral contraception (the pill)?
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suppresses ovulation
inhibits follicular development causes thinning of endometrium alters cervical mucus |
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what are the two types of emergency contraception (morning after pills)?
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low dose progestin
combined - high doses of estrogen and progestin |
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how are condoms, diaphragms, and sponges used as contraceptives?
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block sperm entry into uterus
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how are intrauterine devices used as contraceptives?
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spermicidal action
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what are the three layers in the wall of the uterus?
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endometrium
myometrium perimetrium |
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what is myometrium?
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very thick smooth muscle layer of the uterine wall with bundles in all directions
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through what mechanisms does the myometrium enlarge? when?
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hypertrophy
hyperplasia during pregnancy |
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what is parturition?
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childbirth
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what triggers powerful contractions of the myometrium during childbirth?
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oxytocin (mainly)
prostaglandins |
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how are contractions coordinated during childbirth?
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number of gap junctions increases between smooth muscle cells of the myometrium
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what type of epithelium lines the endometrium?
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simple columnar epithelium
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what type of epithelium lines the uterine glands?
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simple columnar epithelium
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what is the endometrial stroma?
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cell-dense lamina propria of the endometrium
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what are the two layers of the endometrium?
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stratum functionale (functional layer)
stratum basale (basal layer) |
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which layer of the endometrium proliferates and is sloughed off during the menstrual cycle?
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stratum functionale
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which layer of the endometrium is preserved during menstruation?
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stratum basale
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what cells divide and re-establish the endometrium during each menstrual cycle?
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epithelial cells of the basal layer
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what arteries supply the layers of the endometrium?
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basal layer - straight arteries
functional layer - spiral arteries |
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what are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?
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menstrual phase
proliferative phase secretory phase |
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what triggers the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle?
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decrease in progesterone
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to what of the ovarian cycle does the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle correspond?
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follicular phase of ovarian cycle
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to what phase of ovarian cycle does the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle correspond?
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luteal phase of ovarian cycle
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what happens during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
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estrogens act on endometrium, inducing cell proliferation and reconstituting endometrium lost during menstruation
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what are uterine glands?
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proliferative phase - straight tubules with narrow lumens formed by simple columnar epithelium
secretory phase - highly coiled and engorged with fluid (sawtooth ends) |
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what happens during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
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uterine gland cells accumulate glycogen and secrete glycoproteins in response to an increase in progesterone
uterine glands become highly coiled and engorged |
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where does epithelium in the female reproductive tract abruptly change from simple columnar to stratified squamous?
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in the cervical canal
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what is secreted by cervical glands?
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mucus
watery during ovulation (permits sperm passage) viscous during pregnancy and other times of menstrual cycle |
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where is cervical cancer typically found?
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junction between the simple columnar and stratified squamous epithelia
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how does the cervix dilate before childbirth?
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intense collagenolysis
(breakdown of collagen softens the wall of the cervix) |
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what type of epithelium lines the vagina?
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non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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what is the response of vaginal epithelial cells to estrogen?
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accumulate glycogen
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what causes the acidity of the vagina?
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bacterial fermentation of glycogen in sloughed cells, forming lactic acid
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where is the mucus of the vagina produced?
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cervix
(there are no glands in the wall of the vagina) |
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what composes a mammary gland?
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15-25 tubuloalveolar glands, each with its own excretory lactiferous duct
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what hormones cause mammary glands to undergo intense growth during pregnancy?
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estrogen
progesterone prolactin human placental lactogen |
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how do slides of mammary glands differ before and after pregnancy?
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essentially just ducts seen before pregnancy
acini are expanded dramatically after pregnancy (breastfeeding) |
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what is colostrum?
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protein-rich milk expressed immediately after birth
accumulates in lumen during late pregnancy rich in IgA antibodies |
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what is excreted during lactation?
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lipid-rich milk
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what mechanisms excrete secrete the protein and lipid components of milk?
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protein - merocrine secretion
lipid - micro-apocrine secretion |
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what is merocrine secretion?
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a cell is classified as merocrine if the secretions of that cell are excreted via exocytosis from secretory vesicles opening into a gland's acinus and flowing through an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and thence onto a bodily surface or into the lumen
(protein components of milk, eccrine sweat glands) |
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what is micro-apocrine secretion?
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cells which are classified as apocrine bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing membrane bound vesicles in the lumen
(lipid components of milk) |
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what type of changes do breasts undergo as women age?
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radiodense -> radiolucent
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what type of changes do breasts undergo during pregnancy?
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fibrous interlobular stroma -> numerous, larger lobules (due to branching of terminal ducts)
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when and where does fertilization occur?
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day one in the fallopian tube
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how long does the entire fertilization process take?
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24 hours
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what marks the beginning and ending of fertilization?
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beginning - contact between sperm and oocyte
end - fusion of nuclei of sperm and ovum |
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what are the six major steps in the fertilization process?
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1 - passage of sperm through corona radiata
2 - penetration of zona pellucida by sperm 3 - fusion of oocyte and sperm cell membranes 4 - completion of oocyte second meiotic division 5 - formation of male pronucleus and degeneration of sperm tail 6 - fusion of male and female pronuclei and formation of zygote |
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what is the corona radiata?
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ovarian supporting cells surrounding the oocyte
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what is the zona pellucida?
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thick glycoprotein coat surrounding the oocyte
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what is the acrosome reaction?
what triggers it? |
release of proteolytic enzymes from the sperm acrosome which aids penetration of the zona pellucida
triggered by the binding of the sperm to the sperm receptor |
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what is polyspermy?
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multiple sperm entering the same egg
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what are the post-fusion reactions that take place as the fertilizing sperm penetrates the ooplasm?
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depolarization of the oocyte plasma membrane
cortical reaction zona reaction |
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what is the purpose of post-fusion reactions?
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prevent multiple sperm from entering the egg
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what is the cortical reaction?
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post-fusion reaction in which secretory (cortical) granules in the oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane and reorganize it
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what is the zona reaction?
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enzymes released from cortical granules cause a cross-linking of proteins in the zona pellucida, forming the perivitelline barrier
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what is the perivitelline barrier?
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permanent barrier to block polyspermy
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what are blastomeres?
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daughter cells of the zygote
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when does a zygote become a morula?
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12- to 16-cell stage
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what is a morula?
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group of centrally located cells (inner cell mass) and a surrounding layer (outer cell mass) at the 12- to 16- cell stage following fertilization
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how is a blastocyst formed?
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as the morula enters the uterine cavity, uterine fluid penetrates the zona pellucida and collects within the center of the morula
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what is a blastocoele?
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cavity in the center of a morula/blastocyst, filled with uterine fluid
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what is a blastocyst?
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morula with a fluid-filled center
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when does the embryo typically implant?
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on approximately day 6
in the blastocyst stage |
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when is an embryo no longer contained within the thick, jelly-like zona pellucida?
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when the blastocyst forms, the zona pellucida degrades
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what is an embryoblast?
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the inner cell mass (at one pole of a blastocyst)
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what is a trophoblast?
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outer cell mass (forms the epithelial wall of the blastocyst)
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what happens to the blastocyst during implantation (days 6-9)?
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increases rapidly in size
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what are the two layers that the trophoblast differentiates into?
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cytotrophoblast - inner layer of mononucleated cells
syncytiotrophoblast - outer layer of multinucleated cells and no distinct cell boundaries |
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what is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast?
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substances that erode maternal tissues (permit implantation)
human chorionic gonadotropin |
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what hormone forms the basis for pregnancy testing?
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human chorionic gonadotropin
(produced by syncytiotrophoblast of the embryo) |
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what are the two layer that the embryoblast differentiates into?
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hypoblast - adjacent to primary yolk sac
epiblast - adjacent to amniotic cavity |
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what is the primary yolk sac?
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aka exocoelomic cavity
blastocoele after the embryoblast has differentiated |
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what forms the two layers of the bilaminar germ disc?
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hypoblast
epiblast |
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when does the uteroplacental circulation develop?
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days 10-13
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what is extraembryonic mesoderm?
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population of cells that appears sometime around days 11-12 between the cytotrophoblast and the primary yolk sac
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what is the extraembryonic coelom?
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fluid-filled cavity within the extraembryonic mesoderm
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what constitutes the chorion or chorionic sac?
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extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
two layers of trophoblast |
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into what does the chorion (chorionic sac) develop?
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fetal portion of the placenta
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what is the only place where the extraembryonic mesoderm traverses the chorionic cavity?
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connecting stalk
(future umbilical cord) |
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what is produced by the placenta?
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acts as a endocrine organ producing HCG, chorionic thyrotropin, chorionic corticotropin, estrogens and progesterone, prolactin and prostaglandins
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what is produced by the maternal portion of the placenta?
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prolactin and prostaglandins
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what is the maternal portion of the placenta?
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decidua
(endometrium) |
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what are decidua cells?
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fibroblasts of the endometrial stroma, after implantation, which have become enlarged and exhibit characteristics of protein-synthesizing cells
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what is the function of the decidua basalis?
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supplies maternal blood to, and receives venous blood from intervillous spaces in the placenta
(communicates with chorion) |
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what is the fetal portion of the placenta?
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chorion (chorionic sac)
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in the chorion, what are most of the epithelial cells present?
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syncytiotrophoblasts
(though there are a few cytotrophoblasts) |
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what is a hydatidiform mole?
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rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy after the fertilization of an egg without chromosomes, or after two sperm fertilize one egg
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