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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what type of epithelium lines most of the oral cavity?
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non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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what layer of tissue lies beneath the epithelium of the oral cavity?
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lamina propia
(layer of loose connective tissue) |
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what is another name for the gums?
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gingiva
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what structures in the oral cavity are lined with parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
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those with heavy food contact
gums, hard palate, dorsal surface of tongue |
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what does parakeratinized epithelium mean?
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cells are keratanized, but they still have nuclei and are viable until desquamation
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what is another name for dermis in the oral cavity?
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lamina propia
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what is the mucosa of the oral cavity composed of?
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epithelium
lamina propia |
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what is the fibrous connective tissue beneath the lamina propia of the oral cavity?
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submucosa
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what is contained within the submucosa of the oral cavity?
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many blood vessels
many small salivary glands |
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what underlies the submucosa in the oral cavity?
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muscle and/or bone
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what disorder is also known as canker sores?
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Aphthous stomatitis
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what is a canker sore?
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painful ulcer on oral mucosa
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when do canker sores occur?
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during times of stress
after trivial injury weakened immune system autoimmune disease |
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what is the relation of Aphthous stomatitis to the Herpes virus?
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unrelated
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what does the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I cause?
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Herpes stomatitis
blisters on the lips or in vicinity of nostrils |
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what are the other names for Angular cheilitis?
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perleche
cheilosis angular stomatitis |
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what is angular cheilitis?
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lesion (often bilateral) at the labial commissure
manifests as deep cracks or splits |
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what is the labial commissure?
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corner of the mouth
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what often happens to the sores in angular cheilitis?
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infection with Candida albicans (thrush) or other pathogens
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what is the etiology of Angular cheilitis?
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unknown
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what does etiology mean?
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cause
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what disorder of the oral cavity has been linked to nutritional deficiencies such as riboflavin (vitamin B2) and iron (iron deficiency anemia)?
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angular cheilitis
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where are the minor salivary glands found?
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internal part of lips (labial)
hard and soft palates (palatine) muscular core of tongue (lingual) cheeks (buccal) |
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in what layers are minor salivary glands found?
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submucosal layer
mucosal layer |
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in what two ways do minor salivary glands open onto surface of oral epithelium?
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directly
via short ducts |
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when do the minor salivary glands secrete?
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continuously
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what are the major salivary glands?
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parotid glands
submandibular glands sublingual glands |
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where are the major salivary glands located?
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a distance (varying between them) from the oral epithelium
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how do secretions from major salivary glands make their way to the oral epithelium?
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extensive duct systems
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when do major salivary glands secrete?
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in response to mechanical, chemical, or olfactory stimulation
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what surrounds the major salivary glands?
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capsule of connective tissue
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what divides major salivary glands into lobes or lobules?
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septa of capsule of connective tissue
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what is the viscous, colorless liquid in the oral cavity which contains water, mucoproteins, enzymes, immunoglobulins, and inorganic ions?
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saliva
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what enzyme is contained in saliva?
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amylase
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what immunoglobulin is contained in saliva?
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IgA
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what is the function/action/effect of amylase on food?
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initiates digestion of carbohydrates
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which types of secreting cells are basophilic?
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serous-secreting cells
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which type of secreting cells are acidophilic?
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mucus-secreting cells
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which type of secreting cells produce a protein-rich, watery secretion?
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serous-secreting cells
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which type of secreting cells produce a thick, glycosaminoglycan-rich secretion?
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mucus-secreting cells
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which type of secreting cells contain zymogen granules in the apex?
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serous-secreting cells
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which type of secretory cells have the nucleus flattened at the base?
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mucous-secreting cells
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what type of granules fill a mucous-secreting cell? a serous-secreting cell?
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mucinogen granules
zymogen granules |
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what are myoepithelial cells?
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contractile cells between basal lamina and secretory cells which help propel secretory products into secretory ducts
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what cells help propel secretory products from cells to ducts?
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myoepithelial cells
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what is abundant in myoepithelial cells?
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actin microfilaments
dense bodies (to anchor the actin) |
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what are the functions of IgA in the oral cavity?
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protect oral epithelium
retard bacterial action |
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what is the glycoprotein contained by secretory IgA which binds to receptors on acinar cells and causes transport of IgA?
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SC
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what is a serous demilune?
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an artifact of fixation causing serous cells to appear to cap the mucous acinus
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what is the order by which saliva gets from salivary glands to the oral epithelium?
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intercalated ducts -> striated ducts -> interlobular ducts
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what modifications are undergone by saliva as it travels through the intercalated ducts?
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bicarbonate ions are added
chloride ions are taken away |
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what modifications are undergone by saliva as it travels through the striated ducts?
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potassium is added
sodium ions are removed |
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what type of ducts are unique to salivary glands?
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striated ducts
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what is peculiar about the basolateral membrane of striated ducts?
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many infoldings, like those in the kidney
infoldings are responsible for Na/K level alterations |
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what is formed by the merging of striated ducts?
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interlobular ducts
aka excretory ducts |
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where do excretory ducts empty?
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oral cavity
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what osmolarity does the saliva have as it is produced by acinar cells?
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isoosmotic with blood
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what tonicity does the saliva have as it reaches the oral cavity?
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hypotonicity (as compared to blood)
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where are parotid glands located?
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below and in front of the ears
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how are parotid glands classified? why?
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serous glands
composed entirely of serous acini |
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what nerve passes through the parotid glands?
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facial nerve
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what gland is traversed by the facial nerve?
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parotid gland
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what color are parotid glands in H&E stain?
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very blue (basophilic)
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where are the sublingual glands located?
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in the floor of the mouth anterior to the submandibular glands
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how are sublingual glands classified? why?
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mixed glands
have mostly mucous-secreting cells, but also have some serous-secreting cells rarely have serous acini |
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where are the submandibular glands located?
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under the floor of the mouth, close to mandibles
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how are submandibular glands classified? why?
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mixed glands
mostly serous-cells, but also some mucus cells and acini |
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where are tumors of the salivary glands mostly found?
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in the major salivary glands
(particularly the parotid) |
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what is a pleomorphic adenoma?
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tumor produced by myoepithelial cells
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what was once a common infection of the parotid gland, though it has been mostly eradicated via vaccine?
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Mumps
mostly eradicated by MMR vaccine |
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what structure divides the tongue into an anterior two-thirds and a posterior one-third?
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sulcus terminalis
V-shaped depression |
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what is the name for the shallow pit at the apex of the sulcus terminalis?
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foramen cecum
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what structure formed at the foramen cecum?
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foramen cecum is the embryonic evagination of the pharynx which produced the thyroid gland
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what nerve carries general sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
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trigeminal nerve
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what nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
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facial nerve
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what nerve carries general sensation from the posterior third of the tongue? taste sensation?
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glossopharyngeal nerve
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what does the core of the tongue consist of?
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bundles of skeletal muscle fibers which cross in three planes
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what type of epithelium lines the ventral surface of the tongue?
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thin layer of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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when placed where are drugs readily absorbed through the epithelium?
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underneath (on the ventral surface) of the tongue
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in traditional medicine, what does a yellow coat on the tongue indicate?
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"damp heat"
e.g. urinary infection |
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in traditional medicine, what does a tongue with a white coat indicate?
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"dampness"
patient should eat warm food and exercise |
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in traditional medicine, what does a red tongue indicate?
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scarlet fever
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what causes a black, hairy tongue?
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pigment-containing bacteria
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what are the numerous epithelial projections on the dorsal surface of the tongue?
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papillae
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what is the most numerous type of papillae on the tongue?
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filiform papillae
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what are filiform papillae?
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keratinized conical projections
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where are the taste buds in filiform papillae?
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they lack taste buds
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what shape do fungiform papillae have?
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mushroom-shape
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where are the fungiform papillae located?
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dispersed/scattered among filiform papillae
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where are the taste buds in a fungiform papilla?
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on the expanded upper surface
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what is the purpose of the filiform papillae?
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control movement of food in the mouth
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where are foliate papillae found?
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on the lateral surface of the tongue in children
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where are the taste buds in a foliate papilla?
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located on the sides
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where are circumvallate papillae located?
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along the edge of the sulcus terminalis
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where are the taste buds in a circumvallate papilla?
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there are numerous taste buds and they're on both sides of the furrow surrounding the circumvallate papilla
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what is the shape of circumvallate papillae?
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large, dome-shaped papillae with furrow surrounding them
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where do von Ebner's glands empty?
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into the furrows surrounding circumvallate papillae
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what are von Ebner's glands?
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serous glands which empty into the furrow surrounding circumvallate papillae
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what is the function of taste buds?
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gustation (taste)
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what are taste buds?
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intraepithelial structures, consisting of 50-90 fusiform cells
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what type of cells are included within taste buds?
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sensory cells
supporting cells basal (stem) cells |
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which cells in a taste bud provide binding sites for food molecules? where?
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sensory cells
on microvilli |
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which cells in taste buds synapse with nerve fibers?
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sensory cells
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what is the effect of a bitter taste in taste buds?
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increase in IP3
release of intracellular calcium |
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what is the effect of a sweet taste in taste buds?
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increase in cAMP
closure of K+ channels |
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where are sweet stimuli mostly detected?
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tip of the tongue
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where are salty tastes mostly detected?
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posterolateral to the tip
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where are sour stimuli detected?
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more posterolateral than salty tastes
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what stimuli are detected by taste buds in circumvallate papillae?
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bitter
umami |
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what is umami?
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the taste of certain amino acids (glutamate and aspartate)
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where is umami taste found?
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asparagus
tomatoes cheese meat |
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what chemical compound is added to many foods to enhance their taste by stimulating the umami receptors?
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monosodium glutamate
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what is the name for the central chamber of loose connective tissue in a tooth?
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pulp
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what are the three calcified tissues which surround the pulp in a tooth?
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dentin
cementum enamel |
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what is the mineralized matrix in calcified dental tissues made from?
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calcium hydroxyapatite
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what is the hardest substance in the body?
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enamel
(96-98% mineral salts) |
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how is enamel different from bone and dentin?
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does not contain collagen
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what are the two fibrous proteins in enamel?
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enamelin
amelogen |
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where is enamelin found?
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in mature enamel
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where is amelogen found?
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in immature enamel
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why can enamel not repair itself?
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it is acellular
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what produces enamel?
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ameloblasts
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what happens to ameloblasts?
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degenerate after enamel is formed, as tooth erupts from gum
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where do ameloblasts originate?
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cells in oral ectoderm layer
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what are the structural units in enamel?
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hydroxyapatite rods or prisms
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what cells deposit tightly packed columns of hydroxyapatite for enamel?
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ameloblasts
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what is the thick layer of bonelike calcified tissue (with collagen fibers) in teeth?
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dentin
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why is dentin intermediate in hardness between bone and enamel?
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it is 70% hydroxyapatite
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what is surrounded by dentin in the teeth?
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central pulp chamber
root canal |
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what cells produce dentin?
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ondontoblasts
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what happens to ondontoblasts?
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persist and continue to elaborate dentin throughout life
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where are ondontoblasts located?
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along pup-dentin border
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from where do ondontoblasts originate?
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neural crest cells
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what is predentin?
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uncalcified dentin matrix secreted by ondontoblasts
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what creates dentinal tubules?
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remnants of ondontoblast processes in the matrix as dentin crystallizes
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what cells produce cementum?
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cementocytes
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where do cementocytes lie?
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in lacunae, with processes which extend through canaliculi
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where are cementoblasts found?
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along the outer surface of the cementum, adjacent to periodontal ligament
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how is cementum similar to bone? different?
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continuously remodeled like bone
avascular unlike bone |
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what are dental caries?
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infectious microbial disease of teeth that results in destruction of calcified tissues
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what is a dental plaque?
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acidogenic bacterial colony on a tooth
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what is the purpose of fluoride ions in dental treatments?
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replace hydroxyl ions in hydroxyapatite crystals, to make teeth more resistant to acid breakdown
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what is a periodontal ligament?
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the connective tissue ligament joining a tooth to its surrounding bone
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what are the two examples of sharpey's fibers?
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muscle connecting to bone
periodontal ligament connecting tooth to bone |
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why is the periodontal ligament a target of scurvy?
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it is made from collagen fibers
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what is scurvy?
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vitamin c deficiency
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what is the anatomical basis for orthodontic procedures?
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the periodontal ligament allows a limited amount of movement of the tooth
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what type of bone lines tooth sockets in mandible and maxilla?
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alveolar bone
primary, woven bone (even in adulthood) |
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what are the gums?
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gingival mucosa, forming a cuff around the base of the teeth
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what is crevicular epithelium?
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the epithelium lining the gingival sulcus, and continues into junctional epithelium
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what is junctional epithelium in the gums?
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the epithelia which adheres to teeth
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how does the junctional epithelium in the gums adhere to teeth?
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secretes a basal lamina-like material which aids in attachment
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what is periodontal disease?
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inflammatory/bacterial disease affecting tissues that surround and support the teeth
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what is involved in periodontal disease?
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progressive loss of bone around teeth, which may lead to loosening and eventual loss of teeth if untreated
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what difficulties are associated with periodontal disease?
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increased risk of heart attack or stroke
difficulty controlling blood sugar levels in diabetics |
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what is the first part of tooth development?
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invagination of oral epithelium
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what is formed by the invagination of the oral epithelium?
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enamel organ
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what is oral epithelium derived from?
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ectoderm
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what does oral epithelium give rise to in teeth?
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ameloblasts
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from what is oral mesenchyme (ectomesenchyme) derived?
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neural crest
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what does oral mesenchyme give rise to?
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odontoblasts
cementoblasts |
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what forms the dental papilla?
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mesenchyme invaginates into the inner enamel epithelium
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what does the dental papilla give rise to?
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dentin
pulp |
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what is produced first in teeth?
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dentin
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when do the first teeth erupt?
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6-12 months
enamel matrix is deposited on its surface and then matured repeatedly |
