Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
components of CV system
|
heart, blood vessesl, lymphatic vessels
|
|
|
fibrous skeleton function
|
dense irregular CT, attachement sites for four valves and myocardium.
Electrical insulator -prevents electrical flow from atria to ventricles |
|
|
impulse conduction system
|
SA node -> AV node -> purkinje fibers
|
|
|
layers of heart wall
|
epicardium- outermost
myocardium - muscle layer endocardium - innermost lining the lumen |
|
|
Epicardium
|
mesothelial cells (simple squaomous) - visceral layer of the pericardium - blood vessels
|
|
|
myocardium
|
cardiac muslce and CT- fibrous skeleton
|
|
|
endocardium
|
subendocardial layer of CT in loose arrangement
location of impulse conduction systme simple squamous |
|
|
blood flow
|
heart -> elastic arteries (large) -> muscular arteries -> arterioles-> capillary bed -> venules -> veins of increasing size
|
|
|
3 layers of vessel walls
|
Tunica Intima (closest to lumen)
Tunica media Tunica adventitia |
|
|
Tunica Intima characteristics
|
endothelium lining - loose connective tissue
|
|
|
Tunica Media
|
smooth muscle cells
contains collagen, elastin, reticular fibers, proteoglycans internal to external elastic membrane |
|
|
Tunica adventitia
|
vasa vasorum, nervi vascularis
elastic fibers bigger in veins |
|
|
Elastic artery characteristics
|
multiple sheets of elastic lamella - thick compared to adventitia
|
|
|
muscular artery characteristics
|
10 layers of smooth muscle
|
|
|
arterioles characteristics
|
1-2 layers of smooth muscle in the media
|
|
|
capillary bed characteristics
|
single layer endothelial cells - move single RBC through
|
|
|
types of capillaries
|
continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous
|
|
|
continuous capillary location
|
muscle, lung, CNS
|
|
|
fenestrated capillaries
|
endocrine gland, GI tract - channels acoss
|
|
|
discontinous capillaries
|
sinusoidal capillaries - spleen, liver, and bone marrow- large diameter lumen and more irregularly shaped
|
|
|
Microvessel network
|
flow in the capillaries - thermoregulation - to shunt prevent blood flow to skin (keep warm)
metarterioles - smooth muscle sphincters prevent blood flow |
|
|
differences b/w veins and arteries
|
veins - larger lumen
thinner walls irregular or collapsed media thinner, adventitia thicker |
|
|
lymphatic circulation
|
peripheral lymphatic capillaries ->lymphatic vessels of increasing size until they dump in the neck
|
|
|
difference b/w lymph and vessels
|
lack distinct separation b/w 3 tunics
walls resemble veins lymphatic capillaries are most numberous i loose CT under the epithelium - effective in removing protein rich fluid |
|
|
endothelial cells functions
|
respond to stimuli, maintain selective permeability barrier, modulate blood flow and resistance, regulate immune responses, secrete growth factors,
|
|
|
endothelial cell surface
|
elongated parallel to the direction of the blood flow
|
|
|
aneurysm
|
weakining of vessel wall 0 related to media and defect in collagen
|
|
|
Ischemic heart disease
|
coronary artery obstruction
|
|
|
varicose veins
|
dilated veins
|
|
|
GI epithelium
|
simple columnar
|
|
|
parietal cells
|
stomach - involved in HCL secretion and GIF - necessary for B12 absorbtion
mucosal layer |
|
|
enteroendocrine cells
|
diffuse neuroendocrine system involved in secretion and motility. mucosal layer
|
|
|
M cells
|
uptake and presentation of ingested and bacterial antigens for activation of GALT - mucosal layer
|
|
|
progenitor cells
|
source of the cells for renewal of the epithelia.l surface throughout the gut. 5-7 days - mucosal layer
|
|
|
brunners glands
|
duodenum special feature in submucosal layer
|
|
|
peyers patches
|
submucosal lymphoid nodues in the ileum
|
|
|
Auerbachs plexus
|
innercircular/outer longitudinal alyers of the muscularis externa
|
|
|
meissners plexus
|
submucosal - parasympathetic ganglia
|
|
|
lacteals
|
primary lymphatic channels in the core of each villus
|
|
|
blood supply
|
small arterial branches in submucosa-> capillary extend into mucosal branch
|
|
|
esphogus mucosa, submucosa, musculariis
|
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
sub - submucosal glands musc - voluntary skeletal fibers in upper porions |
|
|
stomach cardiac
|
mucosa - simpl columnar
|
|
|
fundic stomach
|
simple columnar, thick mucosa
gastric glands - parietal and chief cells |
|
|
pyloric stomach
|
short glands with mucous cells
|
|
|
duodenum characteristics
|
simple columnar
moderate villi and crypts brunners glands - sub mucosal connect to crypts |
|
|
jejunum
|
very high villi - absence of brunners glands and peyers patches
|
|
|
ileum
|
lower villi
paneth cells and base of crypts peyers patches |
|
|
appendix
|
no villi - infiltrated by lymphs
|
|
|
colon
|
goblet cells
no villi or crypts |
|
|
3 types of stomach characteristics
|
cardiac - shallow simple mucous glands
fundic - thickest mucosa - deep epithelial glands (mucous, parietal, chief) pyloric- shallower glands, |
|
|
chief
|
principal cells - situated at base of glans and have basophilic symogen granules
|
|
|
glycocalyx
|
adhesion of digested amino acids and sugars - terminal digestion
|
|
|
digestion of lipids
|
reduced to free fatty acids -> passively absorbed ->converted to riglycerides -> form lipid protein complexes chylomicra -> enter lacteals-> drain to lymphaics
|
|
|
chlomica
|
lipoprotein complexes from triglycerides - enter laceals to go to lymph
|
|
|
2 immunological defenses of the gut
|
1. wihin the gut lumen - epithelial surface by secreted igA
2. lamina propria - lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes |
|
|
Immunoglobulin A
|
antibody dimer - important in immunoprotection at the mucosal surface
manufactured in lymphocytes |
|
|
IgA secreted by
|
the gut and liver
|
|
|
3 regions of small intestine
|
duodenum - only region w/ submucosal glands
jejunum - longest villi ileum - prominant lymphoid nodules |
|
|
Brunners glands
|
in duodenum - simple alveolar glands - produce an abundance of mucous
|
|
|
Large intestine/colon distinguishing characteristics
|
goblet cells
|
|
|
classification of pancreas as gland
|
basophilic serous compound tubulo acinar gland
|
|
|
islets of langerhans
|
source of insulin and glucagon
|
|
|
centroacinar cells
|
bicarbonate secreting
|
|
|
exocrine pancreas
|
bicarb rich - containing peptidases, amylases, and lipases
|
|
|
conrol of exocrine pancreas secretion
|
paracrine endocrine effects
acini stimulated by cholecystekinin (CCK) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) |
|
|
inhibition of exocrine pancreas
|
pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
|
|
|
secretin
|
increases bicarb production from centroacinar duct cells
|
|
|
parasympathetic effect on pancreas
|
increases both acinar secretion and bicarb output
|
|
|
function of hepatocytes
|
glucose metabolism, cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism, iron metabolism, hemoblobin breakdown, production of albumin
|
|
|
pattern of liver circulation
|
hepatic artery supplies oxygenated blood ot the liver
portal vein delivers nutrient rich blood from the intestine |
|
|
portal triads
|
1. hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, the bile duct
|
|
|
liver exocrine function
|
bile production and secretion
|
|
|
liver endocrine function
|
production serum proteins, glucose storage and release, fatty acid metabolism, cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, detox drugs/alcohol, hem breakdown
|
|
|
kupffer cells
|
APC of the liver - filters passing through the sinusoid
|
|
|
space of disse
|
lies b/w sinusoidal lining cells and the hapatocyte
|
|
|
Portal lobule
|
centered around the portal triad - highlights exocrine funciton
lines connecing the central veins of three adjacent classical lobules |
|
|
liver acinus
|
funcitonal gradient of hepatocyte metabolism
metabolites adjsacent to portal triads high zone 1 - high oxygen and glucose zone 3 - closest to central vein |
|
|
classical lobule
|
centered around central vein - highlights endocrine function of liver
|
|
|
gall bladder
|
stores bile - does not make
|
|
|
bile made of :
|
bile pigments (produced by smooth ER by processing of breakdown products of hemoglobing)
Bile salts - predigestive emulsification |
|
|
enterohepatic circulation
|
bile salts and IgA emmunoglobins - secreted through biliary system to duodenum - recoverd from gut and receycled - returned to liver for processing
Ileum important for reabsorbtion |
|
|
layers of the submucosa
|
epithelium (columnar) - secretion/absorbtion/protection
lamina propria - lymphatics/GALT/capillaries muscularis mucosa - SM extensions |
