Histo Urinary System

Front 1

What is filtered as blood flows through the kidney

Back 1

serum

Front 2

Water, ions, and molecules (that are small) move from the ______ space into the _______ __________ space where most are recoved though ____________

Back 2

vascular space
renal tubular space
reabsorbed

Front 3

Some waste products are secreted into the __________ tubule for ____________

Back 3

renal tubule for excretion

Front 4

The renal tubule is subjected to HIGH OR LOW osmotic pressure to concentrate urine

Back 4

HIGH

Front 5

After urine leaves the renal tubule it is conducted to the bladder through what?

Back 5

ureter

Front 6

What are 3 functions of the urinary system?

Back 6

elimination of toxic metabolic by products to the outside
conservation of salts, a.a, glucose, small proteins and water
regulation of metabolism through endocrin functions

Front 7

How much blood is filtered per min and per day

Back 7

120 ml/min
180 I/day

Front 8

Filtration of the blood plasma is equivalent to the ____ ______ ______ in the body about ___ time per day

Back 8

total extracellular fluid
16

Front 9

How much extracellular fluid is in the body

Back 9

11 L

Front 10

How many times is the extracellular fluid filtered

Back 10

16X

Front 11

What is an active process of moving N wastes, some salts, and some drugs from the serum into the renal tubule by the cells of the kidney

Back 11

secretion

Front 12

What is reabosrved 99%

Back 12

glucose, a.a, residual protien, most water and salt

Front 13

What controls blood pressure, blood volume, and acid-base balance

Back 13

regulation of metabolism through endocrine funtions

Front 14

What are a few endocrine funcitons

Back 14

renin, erythropoietin, prostaglandin, processing of vit D

Front 15

What is the shape of the kidney

Back 15

bean

Front 16

Which direction does the hilum face

Back 16

medially toward the aorta and IVC

Front 17

What penetrate the hilum

Back 17

renal AA, renal VV, lymph vessels, and ureter

Front 18

What is key to the function of the kidney

Back 18

extensive penetration of the blood supply

Front 19

How much of cardiac output is normally directed through the kidney?

Back 19

25%

Front 20

how often does blood travel through the kidney

Back 20

every 5 min

Front 21

What is arranged in a peripheral cortex that narrows to a pyramidal shaped medulla

Back 21

kidney parenchyma

Front 22

What tissue is organized into cortical areas over 6 to 12 renal pyramids

Back 22

peripheral parenchymal tissue

Front 23

Another name for longitudinal striations

Back 23

medullary rays

Front 24

what extend within the renal pyramids from the medullar into the cortex of the kidney

Back 24

longitudinal striation, medullary rays

Front 25

What collect urine from the renal papilla and coalesce to form the renal pelvis

Back 25

cup-like calyces

Front 26

What mees the central portion of the kidney and is continuous iwht the ureter

Back 26

renal pelvis

Front 27

What are the kidneys coved by

Back 27

a dense connective tissue capsule

Front 28

What consists of the nephron and the collecting tubule (duct)

Back 28

uriniferous tubule

Front 29

What does the nephron begin with

Back 29

the renal corpusle

Front 30

Where is blood plasma filtered?

Back 30

renal corpusle

Front 31

Where does the filtrate pass to from the renal corpuscle

Back 31

renal tubule

Front 32

What modifies the filtrate, concentrates it and removes certain components to be recycled

Back 32

nepheron

Front 33

How many nepherons in each kidney

Back 33

1.3 million

Front 34

What is the sequential series of specialization of the tubule?

Back 34

1) prox convoluted tubule
2) thin loop of henle
3) thick loop of henle
4) distal convoluted tubule

Front 35

from the renel tubule where does filtrate move to?

Back 35

collecting duct (tubule)

Front 36

What are the 2 types of nephrons

Back 36

juxamedullary nephron
cortical nephron

Front 37

What nephrons originate near the medulla and have long thin loops of henle that extend to near the of the renal papilla

Back 37

juxamedullary nephrons

Front 38

Juxamecullary nephrons account for what % of nephrons

Back 38

~15

Front 39

What nephron originates more superficially in the cortex and have shorter loops a shorter distance into the medulla

Back 39

cortical (more numerous)

Front 40

What is the blood flow in kidney

Back 40

renal AA--> interlobar AA--> arcuate AA--> interlobular AA--> afferent arteriole --> glomerulus--> efferent arteriole--> peritubular cap network
--> vasa recta--> interlobular VV--> arcuate VV--> interlobar VV--> renal VV

Front 41

What AA enters the hilum

Back 41

renal A

Front 42

What AA runs between lobes

Back 42

interlobar AA

Front 43

What AA turn and run along the junction b/t the medulla and cortex

Back 43

arcuate AA

Front 44

What arterioles enter the renal corpusle at the vascular pole to form glomerulus

Back 44

afferent arteriole

Front 45

What is a globular collection of capillary loops

Back 45

glomerulus

Front 46

What is formed from capillary loops that exits the renal corpuscle at the vascular pole

Back 46

efferent arteriole

Front 47

efferent arterioles of the cortical nephrons gibe rise to

Back 47

peritubular cap network

Front 48

efferent arteriole of the juxamedullary nephron give rise to

Back 48

vasa recta

Front 49

What is a looped capillary network surrounding the loops of Henle

Back 49

vasa recta

Front 50

What 2 capillaries pour into interlobular VV

Back 50

pertublar cap and vasa recta

Front 51

what 2 thing compose the renal corpuscle

Back 51

glomerulus, and bowman capsule

Front 52

What is a pouch like sac bounded by squamous epithelium that comprises the beginning of the nephron

Back 52

bowmans capsule

Front 53

What are the 2 poles of the renal corpuscle

Back 53

vascular and urinary poles

Front 54

this describes Which pole, the afferent arteriole carries the blood into the glomerulus where filtration occurs

Back 54

vascular pole

Front 55

How does blood exit the glomerulus

Back 55

efferent arteriole

Front 56

the filtrate is colleted into ______ _______ between bowmans capsule and glomerular tuft

Back 56

bowmans space

Front 57

What pole is the site where the filtrate moves from bowmans space into the prox convoluted tubule

Back 57

urinary pole

Front 58

describe the orientation of the urinary and vascular poles

Back 58

opposite each other

Front 59

What cells are specialized connective tissue cells that support the glomerulus and act as phagocytic cells?

Back 59

Mesangial cells

Front 60

What are mesangial cells richly endowed with

Back 60

actin microfilaments and may contract under hormonal stimulaiton

Front 61

What layer of bowmans cap is composed of simple squamous epithelium

Back 61

parietal layer

Front 62

What layer is contiguous wth the parietal layer

Back 62

viscerial layer

Front 63

the visceral layer is composed of what that envelop the capillaries of the glomerulus

Back 63

podocytes

Front 64

The podocytes extend foot-like process called what around the glomerular capillaries

Back 64

pedicels

Front 65

The pedicels of neighboring podocytes interdigitate leaving narrow (20-40 rm) of what

Back 65

filtration slits

Front 66

What are the filtration slits covered by

Back 66

6nm slit diaphragm

Front 67

Plasma is forced though the ____ _____ of the glomerulus

Back 67

fenestrated capillaries

Front 68

What appears to be the primary site of filtration between the endothelium and the podocytes

Back 68

basal lamina

Front 69

the densest part of the basal lamina is a meshwork of what?

Back 69

Type IV collagen

Front 70

What are other components of the basal lamina

Back 70

fibronectin, laminin, and polyanionic proteoglycan rich in heparin sulfate

Front 71

What traps larch molecules such as large proteins

Back 71

collagen network

Front 72

What impede the passage of negatively charged molecules

Back 72

polyanions

Front 73

The basal lamina is continuously reabsorbed by ____ ____ and replaced by the ____ and the _____

Back 73

mesangial cells
podocytes
endothelium

Front 74

What is the longest segment of the nephron, mostly coiled

Back 74

prox (convoluted) tubutle

Front 75

What is composed to large epithelial cells with promoninent apical brush border and extensive lateral interdigitations with neighboring cells

Back 75

prox (convoluted) tubule

Front 76

Basal membrane of prox tubule is rich in?

Back 76

Na/K ATPase

Front 77

where is the main site of the nephron for reabsorption of porteins, metabolites, ions, and water

Back 77

prox tubule

Front 78

what % of filtered water is reabsorbed by prox tubule

Back 78

70%

Front 79

What is the driving force for water reabsorption across tight junctions and prox tubular cells

Back 79

glucose and NaCl

Front 80

What enables the passage of glucose

Back 80

transporter

Front 81

what internalize peptides to be degraded by lysomes

Back 81

apical tubulovesicles

Front 82

The kidney of animals and humans are different how?

Back 82

animal- unilobar
human- multilobar

Front 83

The uriniferous tubule consists of what 2 components of different embryologic orgion

Back 83

nephron and collecting tubule/duct

Front 84

What is composed of renal corpuscle, prox convoluted tubule, and loop of henle, and the distal convoluted tubule

Back 84

nephron

Front 85

Describe the loop of henle

Back 85

cuboidal epithelium abrutl charges to squamous

Front 86

describe the loops of henle of cortical nephrons

Back 86

very short and thin

Front 87

Describe the loop of henle of juxtamedullary npthrons

Back 87

long thin segments, fun in maintaining medullary osmotic gradient

Front 88

Describe the epithelium of thick ascending limb and distal (convoluted) tubule)

Back 88

cuboidal epithelium with tight juctions

Front 89

Describe the permeability of the thick ascending limb and distal (convoluted) tubule)

Back 89

low water permeability but active salt uptake

Front 90

Each distal convoluted tubule contacts _________ glomerulus

Back 90

its own

Front 91

What provides a feedback mechanism to control activity of the renal corpuscle?

Back 91

each distal convoluted tubule contacting its own glomerulus

Front 92

What apparatus is involved in regulating activity of hormones such as ADH to maintain fluid balance and renal activity in response to changes in the blood

Back 92

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 93

What consists of sensory and hormonal regulatory mechanisms that support and effect glomerular filtration

Back 93

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 94

What connects different cellular elements of juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Back 94

gap junctions

Front 95

What are epithelial cells in the walls of the distal convoluted tubule that contact the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

Back 95

macula densa

Front 96

Macula densa are sensitive to ___ concentrations

Back 96

Na+

Front 97

What are specialized smooth mm cells in the wall of the afferent (and sometimes efferent) arterioles that secrete renin to act on adrenal medulla to release aldosterone?

Back 97

juxtaglomerular cells

Front 98

Juxtaglomerular cells secrete what?

Back 98

renin

Front 99

Renin acts on adrenal medulla to release what?

Back 99

aldersterone

Front 100

Renin acts to increase the resorption of ____ by ________ and conerts angiotensinogen to ___________

Back 100

Na+ by aldosterone
angiotension I

Front 101

Angiotensin I is converted by angiotensin conveting enzyme to ________ by a potent ____________

Back 101

angiotension II by a potent vasoconstrictor

Front 102

Does angiotensin II increase or decrease BP

Back 102

increase

Front 103

Extraglomerular mesangial cells consist of what?

Back 103

intervening connective tissue cells

Front 104

Where is Erythropoietin produced?

Back 104

interstital (mesangial) cells of kidney

Front 105

What stimulates the production of RBC formation in response to anemia?

Back 105

Erythropoietin

Front 106

What is an issue in chronic renal failure?

Back 106

Erythropoietin must be supplied exogenously

Front 107

What span between loops of henle and adjacent vasa recta like the rungs of a ladder

Back 107

interstitial cells

Front 108

Are there red blood cells inside the thin limbs of teh loop of henle?

Back 108

NO

Front 109

What is a coupled transport of 2 or more solutes in the same direction that enable the reabsorption of NaCl?

Back 109

symport mechanism

Front 110

describe the permeability of distal tubule?

Back 110

impermeabile to water

Front 111

What has short microvilli and abundant basal mitochondria, but lysosomes and tubulovesicular structures are not prominent?

Back 111

distal convoluted tubule

Front 112

What is the relation of prox convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule to renal corpuscles

Back 112

both adjacent

Front 113

prox or distal convoluted tubules contain cells with abundant lysosomes

Back 113

prox convoluted tubule

Front 114

The apical domain of ______ has prominant brush boarder micorvilli and vesicles, In contrast the apical domain of ___ has sparce microvilli and vesicle

Back 114

prox convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule

Front 115

Cell containing prox and distal convoluted tubules contain abundant basally located ____

Back 115

mitochondria

Front 116

After distal convoluted tubule filtrate passes to what?

Back 116

collecting duct

Front 117

The collecting duct doalesce into the what?

Back 117

straight collecting ducts

Front 118

Are the collecting duct and tubule considered part of the nephron?

Back 118

NO, they have distinct embryological orgions

Front 119

Describe the epitelium of collecting tubules and ducts.

Back 119

tighly packed, cuboidal (sometimes columnar) cells with few organelles

Front 120

Whaht increaese water permeability of collecting ducts

Back 120

ADH, antidiuretic hormone

Front 121

ADH causes water moves into the kidney tissue resulting in MORE OR LESS concentreated uringe and GREATER OR LESS water retention in the body

Back 121

MORE (hyperosmotic)
Greater
this prevents dehydration

Front 122

Where do collecting ducts lead to?

Back 122

papillary ducts of Bellini

Front 123

What do papillary ducts of Bellini do?

Back 123

increase diameter as they approach the calyces

Front 124

The calyces, renal pelvis, and bladder are all lined with what?

Back 124

transitional epithelium

Front 125

describe premeability of transitional epithelium.

Back 125

highly impermeable to salts and water

Front 126

How does transitional epithelium respond to distension?

Back 126

flattening and rearranging to decrease the apparent number of cell layers in epithelium

Front 127

the what of transitional epithelia is a mosaic of specailized thickened regions, plaques, interspersed with normal membrane, inter plaque regions?

Back 127

plasma membrane

Front 128

Describe the plaque regions when relaxed.

Back 128

folded into the cell interior

Front 129

What is the columnar-like epithelium can stretch and resemble a stratified squamous epithelium when urine is present in the bladder

Back 129

urothelium

Front 130

What generate a thickened domain able to adjust to large changes in surface areas?

Back 130

apical plaques

Front 131

Describe the mucosa of the ureter when relaxed and under pressure

Back 131

infolded when relaxes
infoldings flatten when pressure

Front 132

How does urine move through the ureter?

Back 132

peristalsis due to smooth mm

Front 133

How many layers does smooth mm form in the upper part and in the lower part of the ureter

Back 133

upper- 2 layers
lower- 3 layers

Front 134

What is triangularly shaped vesical that collects urine and contracts during micturition to void the urnine

Back 134

urinary bladder

Front 135

What forms the valve like flap at the entrance to the bladder?

Back 135

oblique penetration by the ureter

Front 136

What happens to the mucosa of the bladder folds when full

Back 136

they disappear

Front 137

What happens to rounded cells of the transition epithelium during distension

Back 137

become flattened

Front 138

Describe the muscular layer of the bladder

Back 138

interwoven smooth mm w/o clear orientation

Front 139

What conducts urine from the neck of the bladder to the exterior of the body

Back 139

urethra

Front 140

how long is the urethra in men and women

Back 140

men- 15-20 cm
women 4-5 cm

Front 141

Male or female urethra is lined with transitional epithelium near the bladder near the bladder and stratified squamous epithelium along the remainder

Back 141

female

Front 142

What are the glands that runt he length of the urethra in women?

Back 142

glands of Littre

Front 143

How many segments and what are the segments in the male urethra?

Back 143

3
prostatic, membranous, penile urethra

Front 144

in the male urethra, which segment lies within the prostate gland, contains transitional epithelium.

Back 144

prostatic urethra

Front 145

What segment in the male urethra, passes through the perineal membrane (body wall), stratified columnar and pseustrafified columnar epithelium

Back 145

membranous urethra

Front 146

What segment of the male urethra passes through the penis where the epithelium changes to stratified squamous, and has glands of Littre

Back 146

penile urethra

Front 147

What is permited when the urethra passes through the perineum, skeletal mm fibers form the external sphincter mm that surrounds the urethra?

Back 147

voluntary urination