Histo: Urinary System

Front 1

What is erythropoeitin and where is it produced?

Back 1

Hormone to produce RBCs; made by the kidney

Front 2

What surrounds the papillae of the medullary pyramids?

Back 2

Minor calices

Front 3

From large to small, what is the arterial supply of the kidneys?

Back 3

Renal artery --> interlobar artery --> Arcuate artery --> interlobular artery

Front 4

What makes up a renal lobe?

Back 4

A medullary pyramid and the cortical substance that surrounds it. They're separate functionally; as the kidney is developing it looks bumpy and retains bumpy look in several species.

Front 5

What separates the cortex from the medulla?

Back 5

Arcuate arteries

Front 6

What are medullary rays?

Back 6

Group of straight tubules, with a striated appearance, forms the center of a renal lobule, projects into cortex from base of medullary pyramid

Front 7

What does a renal lobule consist of?

Back 7

A medullary ray at its center and cortical tissue surrounding it. All nephrons in a single lobule drained by same collecting duct.

Front 8

What forms the bend in the loop of Henle?

Back 8

The thin limb, which continues from the proximal straight tubule

Front 9

What is the Loop of Henle consisted of?

Back 9

1) Thick descending limb (proximal straight tubule)
2) Thin limb (curves)
3) Thick ascending limb (distal straight tubule)

Front 10

What artery gives off afferent arterioles?

Back 10

Interlobular arteries (branch of arcuate arteries)

Front 11

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

Back 11

A glomerulus (capillary bed) plus the surrounding Bowman's capsule

Front 12

What epithelium surrounds the outer layer of Bowman's capsule? (parietal layer)

Back 12

Simple squamous

Front 13

What epithelium surrounds the inner layer of Bowman's capsule? (visceral layer)

Back 13

Simple squamous epithelial cells (podocytes) adjacent to endothelial cells of the glomerulus

Front 14

Where does the ultrafiltrate accumulating in Bowman's space enter the nephron?

Back 14

The urinary pole

Front 15

What is the part of the corpuscle where the afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole leaves the glomerulus?

Back 15

The vascular pole

Front 16

What comprises the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Back 16

Macula densa; modified cells in wall of afferent arteriole

Front 17

What is the inner layer of Bowman's capsule?

Back 17

Podocytes (interdigitate with other podocytes)

Front 18

What type of cells possess process that wrap around the glomerular capillaries?

Back 18

Podocytes

Front 19

What type of capillaries are the glomerular capillaries?

Back 19

Fenestrated

Front 20

What are the processes of podocytes that interdigitate with similar processes of adjacent podocytes?

Back 20

Pedicels

Front 21

What is the principle component of the filtration barrier of glomerulus?

Back 21

Composite basal lamina of endothelium and podocyte

Front 22

What is between alternating pedicels?

Back 22

Filtration slits

Front 23

What goes thru the filtration barrier?

Back 23

Water, ions, small molecules (<69kD). It's negatively charged, so hi negatively charged particles excluded

Front 24

What are the mesangial cells?

Back 24

Phagocytose proteins and molecules caught in filtration barrier

Front 25

What is in the mesangium?

Back 25

Interstitial space of glomerulus between capillaries. Contains mesangial cells and ECM.

Front 26

What is the final filter?

Back 26

Filtration slit diaphragm (between pediciles)

Front 27

What part of the nephron immediately comes off Bowman's capsule?

Back 27

Proximal convoluted tubule

Front 28

From Bowman's capsule (urinary pole), what are the names (in order) of the nephron segments?

Back 28

Proximal convoluted tubule,
proximal straight tubule/thick descending limb of Loop of Henle,

thin limb,
distal straight tubule/thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Front 29

What part of the nephron is modified to form the macula densa?

Back 29

The distal convoluted tubule. It comes in contact with the afferent arteriole at the vascular pole.

Front 30

What tubule is lined by a simple, tall cuboidal epithelium with a brush border, and because are more numerous, will be seen more often than other kinds?

Back 30

Proximal

Front 31

What tubules are lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium lacking a brush border, with nuclei at irregular heights?

Back 31

Distal

Front 32

What are some features of proximal convoluted tubules that allow it to be distinguished under microscope?

Back 32

- lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with brush border
- abundant mitochondria in bases
(energy for active transport)

Front 33

What is the major function of proximal convoluted tubules?

Back 33

Reduce volume of ultrafiltrate by 80% by active transport of Na+ (Cl- will move passively)

Front 34

How to distinguish straight vs convoluted tubules under microscope?

Back 34

ONLY by location. If it's close to the glomerulus, it's convoluted. Straight is in medullary ray.

Front 35

What region is often damaged in mercury poisoning or acute renal failure?

Back 35

Proximal Straight tubule

Front 36

Which part of nephron forms the hairpin loop in Loop of Henle?

Back 36

Thin limb

Front 37

What part of kidney regulates blood pressure and volume?

Back 37

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 38

What does a decrease in ECF volume trigger Juxtaglomerular apparatus to release?

Back 38

RENIN

Front 39

From where is aldosterone released?

Back 39

Zona glomerulosa cells in adrenal cortex

Front 40

What does aldosterone do/act on?

Back 40

Stimulates distal tubule cells to retain Na+ and water follows --> increased recovery of fluid from distal tubule.

Front 41

What are collecting ducts lined with? (epithelium)

Back 41

Simple cuboidal epithelium of very regular height. Become more columnar as they move into medulla.

Front 42

What parts of kidney respond to ADH?

Back 42

Collecting ducts

Front 43

What are the papillary ducts of Bellini?

Back 43

Large straight ducts that empty contents into minor calices; located in medullary pyramid near apex, simple columnar epithelium; play a primary role in ADH response (produce a concentrated urine)

Front 44

What is the minor calyx lined with?

Back 44

Transitional epithelium

Front 45

What is the area cribrosa?

Back 45

Holes thru which papillary ducts of Bellini empty into a minor calyx

Front 46

What is underneath a transitional epithelium?

Back 46

Thin lamina propria, then two layers of smooth muscle oriented perpendicularly

Front 47

The inner layer of muscularis externa is oriented ___________ while the outer is oriented ______________ in urinary system.

Back 47

Longitudinally; circularly. This is the opposite of digestive system.

Front 48

The renal cortex is the area of the kidney above the ______ arteries.

Back 48

Arcuate

Front 49

Convoluted portions of the cortex are located (between or inside) the medullary ray.

Back 49

Between. Inside the medullary ray are the straight portions of the tubules.

Front 50

How to tell efferent from afferent arteriole?

Back 50

Afferent is larger.

Front 51

The (visceral or parietal) layer of Bowman's space contains the podocytes?

Back 51

Visceral

Front 52

Which tubule has the macula densa?

Back 52

Distal

Front 53

How to distinguish convoluted from straight tubules?

Back 53

Have to look at what area they're in. Convoluted tubules are in convoluted portion of cortex. Straight tubules are in medullary ray or medulla.

Front 54

What is the tip of the renal pyramid called?

Back 54

Papilla

Front 55

Near the urinary bladder, what additional layer is added?

Back 55

In addition to the two layers of muscle (inner longitudinal and outer circular), another outer longitudinal layer is added.

Front 56

Where in the kidney are the glomeruli?

Back 56

Convoluted portion of the cortex.