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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cortex appears _________ |
Granular |
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Identify top and bottom sections |
Top- cortex (granular) Bottom- medulla |
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Cortical nephrons contain ______ Loops of Henle |
Short |
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Juxtamedullary nephrons contain _______ Loops of Henle |
Long |
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Long Loops of Henle enable kidney to make _______ urine by ______________ mechanism |
Hypertonic; countercurrent |
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Bowman's capsule epithelium |
Simple squamous |
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Glomerular capillaries epithelium |
Modified simple squamous |
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Bowman's capsule --> ________ layer |
Parietal |
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Glomerular capillaries --> ________ layer |
Visceral |
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Urinary space (in renal corpuscle) is between which two layers? |
Parietal (BC) and visceral (GC) |
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Afferent glomerular arteriole _______ the glomerulus |
Enters |
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Podocyte epithelium |
Modified simple squamous |
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What are podocytes' secondary processes called? |
Pedicels |
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Slit diaphragm |
Filtration slits between adjacent pedicels |
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Podocalyxin |
-Pedicel protein coating -Maintains organization and shape of processes |
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Podocalyxin charge |
Negative |
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Filtration (Blood-Urine) barrier components |
-Diaphragm -Basal lamina (3 layers) -Fenestrated capillaries without diaphragm
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Filtration barrier's basal lamina components |
Lamina rara externa --> Fused lamina densa --> Lamina rara interna |
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Corpuscle endothelium characteristics |
-No diaphragm -Fenestrated |
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What does the filtration barrier prohibit from entering capsular space? |
Any molecules greater than 69,000 molecular weight with a high negative charge |
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What does the filtration barrier allow to enter the capsular space? |
Ions, water, small molecules (ultra filtrate) |
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Identify arrows |
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Mesangium |
Area where phagocytotic mesangial cells help maintain functional integrity of basal lamina in the filtration barrier by phagocytosing large proteins |
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Mesangial cells |
-Contract to decrease surface area available for filtration -Have receptors for angiotensin II and ANF |
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Identify arrow |
Mesangial cell |
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Mesangium location |
Interstitial space of glomerulus between capillaries |
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What is the longest segment of the nephron? |
Proximal convoluted tubule |
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What is PCT lined by? |
Microvilli |
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What does PCT actively absorb? |
Protein |
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What locks adjacent PCT to each other? |
Interdigitations |
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What stain would you use to see PCT and why? |
PAS because of glycocalyx |
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Which tubule absorbs 80% of the water and NaCl |
PCT |
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What does PCT absorb ALL of? |
Glucose, amino acids, small proteins |
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Pars recta characteristics compared to PCT |
-Also lined by prominent brush border -Smaller cells |
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Which nephron region is often damaged due to acute renal failure or mercury poisoning? |
Descending pars recta |
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What is the starting point of Loop of Henle? |
Thick descending limb/Descending pars recta |
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Thin limb of Loop of Henle epithelium |
Simple squamous |
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Thin limb of Loop of Henle cell characteristics |
-Nuclei bulge into lumen -Few short microvili |
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Ascending thick limb/Straight portion of Distal tubule epithelium |
Simple cuboidal |
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Ascending thick limb/Straight portion of Distal tubule cell characteristics |
-Few microvilli -Apical nuclei -Mitochondria compartmentalized within interdigitations |
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What does ascending thick limb/Straight portion of Distal tubule transport? Making what? |
Sodium ions from luminal region into interstitial; Hypotonic fluid (Osmoregulated) |
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What is the ascending thick limb/Straight portion of Distal tubule impermeable to? |
Water |
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Where does the distal convoluted tubule begin? |
At macula dense |
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Which tubule is osmoregulated? |
DCT |
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Macula densa cell characteristics |
Tall, narrow, and lined up closely to form a "dense spot" |
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Macula Densa function |
-Monitors fluid in distal tubule and sends signals to juxtaglomerular cells -Signals are sent via gap junctions |
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Identify arrow |
Macula densa (Notice dense spot) |
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Where is juxtaglomerular apparatus located? |
Vascular pole |
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What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consist of? |
-Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent and efferent arterioles -Macula densa -Extraglomerular mesangial cells |
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus function |
Release renin in response to macula densa's signal of low ECF volume |
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What conversion happens in the lung of RAAS? |
Angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
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What does renin do? |
Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
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What does angiotensin II do? |
-Stimulates release of aldosterone from zona glomerulosa -Vasoconstrictor |
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Which tubule responds to ADH? |
Collecting tubules |
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Collecting tubule function |
Concentrates urine |
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Identify |
Collecting tubules (Notice visible lateral borders) |
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PCT epithelium |
Simple cuboidal |
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Loop of Henle epithelium |
Simple squamous |
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DCT epithelium |
Simple cuboidal |
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Collecting tubule cells |
Light (principle) and dark (intercalated) cells |
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Light cells characteristics |
-Simple cuboidal -Round centrally located nuclei -Single cilium -Sensitive to ADH and aldosterone |
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Dark cells characteristics |
-Fewer in number -Have folds on surface -Apical cytoplasm contains vesicles |
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What do light cells secrete and reabsorb? |
Secrete K+ Reabsorb sodium and water |
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What do dark cells secrete and reabsorb? |
Secrete H+ or bicarb Reabsorb K+ |
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Where are light cells located? |
The only cell lining inner medullary collecting tubule |
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Where are dark cells located? |
Outer medullary collecting tubule |
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Duct of Bellini epithelium |
Simple columnar LIGHT CELLS |
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Blood supply of kidney |
Renal artery enters hilum --> Interlobar arteries supply pyramids --> Arcuate arteries --> Interlobular arteries --> Afferent arteriole --> Efferent arteriole --> Vasa recta |
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Ureter upper 2/3 muscular layers |
Inner longitudinal and outer circular layers |
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Ureter lower 1/3 muscular layers |
Has an additional longitudinal layer |
