Histo Test 3: Peripheral Blood

Front 1

What makes up blood?

Back 1

free elements and intercellular plasma (ground substance)

Front 2

what are the free cells in blood called?

Back 2

called elements

Front 3

what test gives the volume of packed erythrocytes?

Back 3

Hematocrit

Front 4

what makes up the white/greyish layer above RBC and what is it called?

Back 4

Buffy Coat
contains leukocytes and platelets

Front 5

Characteristics of Plasma

Back 5

slightly Alkaline
calcium concentration remains constant

Front 6

What is Serum?

Back 6

clear, yellow fluid
lacks fibrinogen and coagulative proteins

Front 7

Plasma Functions

Back 7

transport medium of nutritive substances
maintain osmotic pressure
both O2 and CO2 dissolve in plasma

Front 8

how do you count RBC and WBC?

Back 8

stain and count
most common stain is Romanovsky

Front 9

Staining Characteristics for RBC and WBC?

Back 9

affinity for methylene blue (basophilia)
affinity for azures (azure granules)
affinity for eosin
affinity for neutrally charged dye

Front 10

Anisocytosis

Back 10

condition of high percentage of size variation in erythrocytes

Front 11

Poikilocytosis

Back 11

condition of variation of shape, structure
ex. sickly cell

Front 12

Erythrocyte Morphology

Back 12

loses its nucleus, golgi, ER and most mito
have integral membrane proteins that carry blood group antigen specificity

Front 13

what blood specificity membrane proteins are found on RBC?

Back 13

ABO system and Rh antigen

Front 14

Erythrocyte Function

Back 14

contains hemoglobin (Hbg) which makes it acidophilic
binds to O2, but isnt stable

Front 15

Osmotic Terms:
Isotonic

Back 15

normal plasma
contents of RBC in osmotic equilibrium w/ plasma

Front 16

Osmotic Terms:
Hypotonic

Back 16

causes RBC swelling
Hbg escapes, called a Ghost cell

Front 17

Significance of Ghost cell

Back 17

used as a research tool in membrane investigation, membrane transport
substance that causes extraction is called Hemolytic agent

Front 18

Hemolysis

Back 18

process of extracting Hbg

Front 19

Reticulocytes

Back 19

young RBC released by bone marrow that contain rRNA

Front 20

Leukocytes:
General Features

Back 20

WBC, no hemoglobin
nucleus present and have other organelles "true cells"
capable of Ameboid Movement

Front 21

Ameboid Movement

Back 21

can pass from bloodstream to CT by passing b/t endothelial cells
"diapedesis"

Front 22

Leukocytosis
Leukopenia

Back 22

-greatly increased # leukocytes
-reduced # leukocytes

Front 23

at what stage of life will WBC count be highest?

Back 23

birth

Front 24

Granular Leukocytes (Granulocytes):
General Features

Back 24

terminal cells, wont divide again

Front 25

Granular Leukocytes (Granulocytes):
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil (PMN)

Back 25

includes band and segmented neutrophils
contain prominent and segmented nucleus
2-4 lobes of nucleus
may contain bar bodies

Front 26

Contents of Neutrophilic Granules

Back 26

contain mainly Lactoferrin and Lysozyme (bactericidal substances)
also contain Azurophilic granules and lyzosomes

Front 27

Type A Granules

Back 27

azurophilic
contain oxidases, perioxidases, and acid hydrolases

Front 28

Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (LAP)
Myeloperoxidase

Back 28

-enzyme of mature granulocyte
-enzyme of immature granulocyte

Front 29

Function of Primary and secondary granules

Back 29

released into phagosome to break down bacteria

Front 30

NADPH oxidase

Back 30

located on PMN cell membrane
reduces O2 to superoxide ion
cells doing this are called Respiratory Burst

Front 31

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil (PMN) Function

Back 31

phagocytosis
sometimes called microphages
"first line of cellular defense"
cause inflammation

Front 32

Eosinophil: Morphology

Back 32

bilobed nucleus
abundant, homogeneous granules
contain many azurophilic proteins, but NOT lysozyme

Front 33

Eosinophil: Function

Back 33

selectively phagocytic
destroy Ag-Ab complexes
seen in parasitic and hypersensitivity rxns (asthma)
contains histamine, modulates mast and basophil acitivity

Front 34

Leukoctyes: General Features and Morphology

Back 34

small, medium, and large size
Large nucleus w/ slight indentation
dense chromatin and a nucleolus
Thin rim of basophil Cyto
no morphological difference b/t different lymphocytes

Front 35

B Lymphocytes

Back 35

differentiates into Plasma cell
produces antibodies in response to toxins

Front 36

Where does B Lymphocyte differentiation occur?

Back 36

germinal centers in Lymph Tissue, GI Tract, and Bone Marrow
NOT Thymus

Front 37

T Lymphocytes

Back 37

reacts against viral and fungal infections using Cell Mediated Immunity
function in Graft Rejection
come from Thymus

Front 38

difference b/t B and T lymphocytes?

Back 38

None
no morphological and no diff. in cell surface receptors

Front 39

T Helper Cell function

Back 39

contacts macrophages and aids in transferring a new antigen to the B cell for a particular antigen

Front 40

B Memory Cells

Back 40

remain in circulation but dont differentiate into macrophages

Front 41

Monocyte Morphology

Back 41

kidney shaped, eccentric nucleus
less dense than lymphocyte
posses NADPH Oxidase

Front 42

Monocyte Function

Back 42

differentiate into various macrophages
interact w/ T lymphocytes to process antigens
release Thrombosthenin
can fuse to become Osteoclasts

Front 43

What is the primary cell of Chronic Inflammation?

Back 43

Monocyte

Front 44

Thrombosthenin

Back 44

contractile protein that causes clot to react through MF and MT