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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adrenal Gland Development
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Cortex from Mesodermal Mesechyme
Medulla from Neural Crest 2 migrations of mesoderm until adult stage reached |
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Blood Supply of Adrenal Gland
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Capsular Capillaries
Cortical Capillaries Medullary Arterioles |
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Blood supply of Medulla of Adrenal Gland
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2 sources
Arterial blood from Medullary Arterioles Venous blood from Cortical Capillaries |
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Adrenal Cortex Features
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secretes Steroid Hormones WITHOUT storing them
3 zones: Glomerulosa: outer Fasciculata: middle Reticularis: inner |
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Adrenal Cortex:
what stimulates Zona Glomerulosa cells? |
stimulated by Angiotensin 2 and ACTH
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Adrenal Cortex:
what does Zona Glomerulosa Cells Secrete? |
Mineralcorticoid hormones
Control fluid and electrolyte levels Aldosterone (absorb Na+) |
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What regions does Aldosterone Effect?
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tubules of kidney: absorption of Na+ and excrete K+
Gastric Mucosa: absorption of Na+ Salivary and sweat glands: Absorption of Na+ |
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Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion
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Feedback control w/ rennin-angiotensin-Aldosterone
low BP converts Angiotensin to 1 then 2, stimulating secretion of Aldosterone |
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Adrenal Cortex:
Zona Fasciculata Morphology |
long straight cords 1-2 cells thick
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Adrenal Cortex:
What stimulates Zona Fasciculata Cells? |
ACTH from Pituitary
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Adrenal Cortex:
What does Zona Fasciculate Secrete? |
Glucocorticoids
Cortisol Corticosterone |
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Fxn of Glucocorticoids?
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control carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
causes anabolic effect in liver (makes glycose and glycogen) Catabolic effect other tissues |
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Regulation of Glucocorticoids?
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Negative Feedback
high levels of glucocorticoid inhibit CRH low CRH inhibits release of ACTH |
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Adrenal Cortex:
Zona Reticularis Cell Morphology |
contain lipofuscin
may have pyknotic nuclei |
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Adrenal Cortex:
what stimulates Zona Reticularis cells to secrete? |
ACTH
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Adrenal Cortex:
What do Zona Reticularis Cells Secrete? |
Weak Androgens
DHEA Androstenedione |
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Adrenal Medulla:
Medullar Cells |
modified neurons
large basophilic w/ granules |
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Adrenal Medulla:
what inhibits axonal growth of Medullar Cells? |
Glucocorticoids
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Adrenal Medulla:
What are in Medullar Cell Granules (secretions) |
Catecholamines:
Norepinephrin-dense core vesicles Epinephrine-smaller vesicles |
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Adrenal Medulla:
what stimulates secretion of Medullary Cell Granules? |
pre-synaptic sympathetic splanchnic nerves
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Adrenal Medulla:
what causes Epinephrine to be secreted? |
severe fear or stress
fight or flight |
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Adrenal Medulla:
what causes Norepinephrine to be secreted? |
emotional stimulus
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what causes conversion of Norepinephrine-->Epinephrine?
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Glucocorticoids stimulate enzyme that causes change
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Pineal Gland Fxn and Development
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Regulates body rhythm
develops from Neuroectoderm Covered by Pia Mater |
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what are the products of the Pineal Gland?
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Melatonin and Serotonin
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Pineal Gland:
Pinealocytes |
infolded nucleus
produce Melatonin and Seratonin |
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Pineal Gland:
Corpora Arenacea (Brain Sand) |
Calcified Concretions from calcium phosphates and carbonates
used as markers for x-ray and CT, located in midline of brain |
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Pineal Gland Innervation
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NO brain derived Nerve Fibers
post-synaptic sympathetic nerves synapse on pinealocytes to regulate production of Melatonin |
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What is Melatonin synthesized from?
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Tryptophan
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When is Melatonin secreted?
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inhibited during day, increase at night
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where does Melatonin effect at?
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regulates body rhythms and reproductive fxn
-inhibits steroidogenic activity of gonads |
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Clinical Aspects of Pineal Gland
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early onset puberty: tumors in Pineal
sudden changes in daylight (jet lag) emotional response to shorter days |
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Islets of Langerhans (Pancreas)
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Endocrine component of Pancreas
all hormones secreted regulate metbolic fxn |
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5 types of cell in Islets of Langerhans
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Beta
Alpha Delta PP cells G Cells |
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Islets of Langerhans:
Beta Cell Secretion |
Insulin-decrease blood glucose levels
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Islets of Langerhans:
Alpha Cell Secretion |
Glucagon-increase blood Glucose levels
Also Gastric Inhibitory Product (GIP), CCK and ACTH |
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Islets of Langerhans:
Delta Cell Secretions |
Somatostatin
Paracrine fxn: inhibit hormone release Endocrine fxn: reduce contractions of alimentary canal and gallbladder |
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Islets of Langerhans:
Gastrin (G) Cell Secretions |
Gastrin-stimulates production of HCL by stomach
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Islets of Langerhans:
PP Cell Secretions |
Pancreatic Polypeptide:
stimulates gastric chief cells inhibits bile production |
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Islets of Langerhans:
D-1 Cell Secretions |
VIP- stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion
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Islets of Langerhans:
Enteroendocrine Cell Secretion |
Secretin: stimulate HCO3 in pancreas
Motilitin: increases gastric and intestinal motility |
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What organs does Insulin Affect?
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Liver, Skeletal Muscle, Adipose
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What does Insulin Stimulate?
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uptake and storage of glycogen
initiation of glycolysis uptake of AA secretion of Exocrine Pancreas |
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What does Insulin Inhibit?
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lipase activity in adipose
Catobolism of Protein |
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What does Glucagon stimulate?
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synthesis of and release of glucose
Gluconeogenesis-glycogen breakdown fat mobilization in adipose hepatic Lipase |
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What does Glucagon Inhibit?
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secretion from exocrine pancreas
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Somatostatin fxn?
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inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion
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Regulation of Insulin Secretion?
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normal Blood Glucose 70mg/100ml
higher levels stimulate Insulin release uptake and storage of glucose in liver and muscle |
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Regulation of Glucagon Secretion?
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blood glucose lower than 70mg/100ml
low levels of fatty acids can also cause normal blood glucose levels and presence of insulin inhibit release |
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Innervation of Islets of Langerhans:
Parasympathetic |
stimulate secretion of Insulin and Glucagon
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Innervation of Islets of Langerhans:
Sympathetic |
Stimulate Glucagon secretion
Inhibit Insulin secretion |
