Histo Respiratory System

Front 1

What 2 portions are included in the respiratory system?

Back 1

conducting and respiratory portions

Front 2

Air is relatively what 2 things to all living things?

Back 2

toxic and vital

Front 3

What must happen to air during passage to the lungs so gas exchange can take place?

Back 3

conditioned

Front 4

What are 2 funcitons of respiratory system.

Back 4

olfaction-sense of smell
vocalization

Front 5

the function of the respiratory system warming, filtering and humidifying air is what?

Back 5

conditioning of air

Front 6

The funciton of the respiratory system that involves bringing air fromt the outside deep into the body to site of exchange is what?

Back 6

conduction of air

Front 7

The respiratory tree is ventilated by ______ ______ pf tje chest wall by muscles of he thoracic cage and diaphragm?

Back 7

inspiratory movements

Front 8

What is accomplished by elastic elements and mm of the air passage?

Back 8

expiration

Front 9

At the end of the respiratory tree what occurs?

Back 9

gas exchage

Front 10

The number of active capillaries in the lung must be ____ or _____ to those of the systemic circulaiton or cardiovascular failure will ensue.

Back 10

equal or exceed

Front 11

Which portion of the respiratory system moisten, warm, filter the air in prep for gas exchange.

Back 11

conducting portion

Front 12

What have been removed (ideally) by the time air reaches the alveolus

Back 12

bacteria and infectious material

Front 13

What do infectious agents that reach the damp vascular lungs cuase?

Back 13

bronchitis, or pneumonia

Front 14

What serves to warm, humidify and filter the air.

Back 14

nasal cavity

Front 15

a special region of the roof of the nasal cavity mediates what?

Back 15

olfaction

Front 16

What is the anterior portion of the nasal cavity lined with skin (startified squamous epithelium)

Back 16

vestibule

Front 17

the course hairs of the vestibule are called what>

Back 17

vibrissae

Front 18

the purpose of the hairs of vestibule of nasal cavity are to what?

Back 18

filter out large particles

Front 19

The hairs of the vestiuble of the nasal cavity create what

Back 19

non-laminar air flow that help precipitate particulate matter

Front 20

What lines the nasal caivty

Back 20

respiratory epithelium, pseudostratified cilitated columnar epithelium

Front 21

What cell is abundant in nasal cavity

Back 21

goblet cells

Front 22

What of the respiratory epithelium is highly vascularized to warm incoming air

Back 22

lamina propria

Front 23

The lamina propria has many what that aid in filtration

Back 23

seromucous glands

Front 24

dust and other particulate matter are trapped b mucus from what?

Back 24

globlet cells, and mucous and serous secrtion of the glands

Front 25

Ciliary action of the nasal epithelium does what?

Back 25

carries mucous and particulate matter to pharynx to be swallowed or expectorated

Front 26

the lamina propria contains abundant what?

Back 26

lymphoid nodules

Front 27

What in the lamina propria are active in combating antigens carried by the air?

Back 27

lymphoid nodules

Front 28

What is produced by plasma cells and what is it transported across?

Back 28

plasma cells produce- secretory IgA
transported across- epithelium

Front 29

Plasma cells produce IgE that binds to what>

Back 29

mast cells

Front 30

When challenged with antigen mast cells relaease what

Back 30

mediators of inflammation

Front 31

the release of histamine _______ permeabilit of small blood vessels cuase localized _______

Back 31

increases
swelling

Front 32

What is in the nasal cavity warm inspired air and the nasal secretions begin the process of humidification

Back 32

venous sinusoids

Front 33

nasal secretions of the venous sinsoid begin the process of what?

Back 33

humidification

Front 34

What also help to disturb the flow of air and decreased particulate matter

Back 34

turbinates

Front 35

What is a tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium located near the roof of the nasal cavity

Back 35

olfactory epithelium

Front 36

Olfacotry cells are _____ neurons with a modified dendrite region composed of _____ ______

Back 36

bipolar
olfacotry vesicle

Front 37

How large are the non-motile cilia that lie on the epithelial surface?

Back 37

6-8

Front 38

What molecules are specific for receptors on the cilia cause depolarization of the olfacotry cells in olfactory epithelium?

Back 38

odorant molecules

Front 39

What 2 cells are contained inolfactory epithelium?

Back 39

sustentacular and basal cells

Front 40

the sustentacular or basal cell appear to support the epithelium and insulate the olfactory cells.

Back 40

sustentacular cell

Front 41

the sustentacular or basal cell are short pyramidal cells, their apical region does not reach the surface of the epithelium

Back 41

basal cell

Front 42

what replace both olfactory and sustentacular cells

Back 42

basal cells

Front 43

air moves from the nasal cavit to what?

Back 43

pharynx

Front 44

what is the upper portion of and lower portion of the pharynx lined with?

Back 44

upper-respiratory epithelium
lower-stratified squamous epithelium

Front 45

In the pharynx what is loose to dense irregular connective tissue with seromucous glands and lymphoid aggregations (pharyngeal tonsils)

Back 45

lamina prpria

Front 46

Air goes from nasal cavity to pharynx to what?

Back 46

larynx

Front 47

describe the larynx

Back 47

irregularly tubular and covered with pseudostratified epithelium

Front 48

waht 2 things support the larynx

Back 48

thyroid and cricoid hyaline cartilage

Front 49

What protects the larynx from food inhalation

Back 49

epiglottis

Front 50

What is a flap of tissue supported internally by elastic cartilage

Back 50

epiglottis

Front 51

The tissue covers the lingual and laryngeal sides of the epiglottis

Back 51

lingual- stratified squamous epithelium
laryngeal- pseudostratified ciliated epithelium (respiratory epithelium)

Front 52

What project into the laryneal lumen?

Back 52

false and true vocal cords

Front 53

Do the true vocal cords lie below or above the false vocal cords

Back 53

below

Front 54

Which set of vocal cords consists of elastic ligaments connected to the striated vocalis mm

Back 54

true vocal cords

Front 55

what are the true vocal cords covered by?

Back 55

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 56

What is regulated by conrolled movement of air accross the true vocal chords

Back 56

sound

Front 57

What are used to adjust the tenstion of the vocal ligament

Back 57

vocalis and other laryngeal mm

Front 58

air move from larynx to what?

Back 58

trachea

Front 59

What is the most prominent characterist of the tracheA

Back 59

reinforcements of C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

Front 60

What is the purpose of hyaline cartilage rings

Back 60

maintian open airway

Front 61

which direction do the open portion of teh c-shaped hyaline cart face

Back 61

rearward to the esophagus

Front 62

The opening of the c-shaped hyaline cart is bridged by what?

Back 62

fibroelastic ligament and smooth mm

Front 63

Contration of the smooth mm of the hyaline cart does what?

Back 63

narrows the passageway for increase force during coughing

Front 64

What lines the trachesa

Back 64

respiratory epithelium

Front 65

What is present just beneath the tracheal epithelium

Back 65

band of elastic fibers

Front 66

beneath the tracheal epithelium is elastic fibers then what

Back 66

glands and blood vessels

Front 67

The trachea bifurcates into 2 ____ ____ that connect to the _____

Back 67

primary bronchi
lungs

Front 68

Prior to entering the lung the histology of the primary bronchus is similar to what

Back 68

trachea with cartilage rings

Front 69

The diameter of the primary bronchus is SMALLER OR LARGER and the walls are THINNER OR THICKER than the trachea

Back 69

smaller
thinner

Front 70

what happens to the arrangement of the cartilage in the pimary bronchus after entering the lung?

Back 70

plates of cartilage surround subsequent segemnts of bronchi

Front 71

Which segment of bronchi reach major lobes of the lungs

Back 71

secondary bronchi

Front 72

What completely surround the lumina of intrapulmonary bronchi

Back 72

irregular plates of cartilage

Front 73

What becomes more prominant are is present as 2 layers spiraling in opp direction in secondary and tertiary bronchi

Back 73

smooth mm

Front 74

in the secondary and tertiary bronchi what occurs in the lamina propria and submucosa of the larger bronchi

Back 74

seromucous glands and lymphoid aggregations

Front 75

What epithelium is in secondary and tertiary bronchi

Back 75

respiratory epithelium

Front 76

What accompanies each secondary and tertiary bronchi?

Back 76

arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels

Front 77

What are distinguished by their lack of cartilage

Back 77

bronchioles

Front 78

What line bronchioles

Back 78

cuboidal epithelium

Front 79

Bronchioles contain few ____ _____ and many ___ ____

Back 79

few goblet cells
many ciliated cells

Front 80

in bronchioles which cell type is find at deeper leves than are goblet cells

Back 80

ciliated cells

Front 81

In bronchioles what moves mucous toward throat

Back 81

ciliated cells

Front 82

What are the non-ciliated bronchilar cells contained in bronchioles

Back 82

clara cells

Front 83

Which type of cell acts a serous grandular cells but also appear to act as stem cells to replace other cell types in epithelium

Back 83

clara cells

Front 84

Which type of cell can aid in detoxifying noxious gases

Back 84

clara cells

Front 85

Does the lamina propria of the bronchioles have glands

Back 85

NO

Front 86

What are important in shortening of bronchioles and reduciton of the dead-air space during exhalation

Back 86

smooth mm and subepithelial elastic fibers

Front 87

in some forms of severe asthma ___ ____ of mm can close off the bronchioles inducing suffocation

Back 87

spastic contraction

Front 88

Chronic respiratory exposure to tobacco smoke can compromise what leading to what

Back 88

bronchial and bronchiolar elastic tissue leading to pulmonary emphysema

Front 89

What extend from fibroelastic connective tissue that is outside the smooth mm

Back 89

elastic fibers

Front 90

What do elastic fiber do during inhalation

Back 90

maintain open airways

Front 91

Which portion of the respiratory tract is highly vascularized, thin alveoli at the termination of the airways in the lungs, allow diffusion of gasses b/t air and blood

Back 91

respiratory portion

Front 92

What lead to the first level of respiratory protion of the lung

Back 92

terminal (conducting) bronchioles

Front 93

What are the first level of respiratory portion

Back 93

respiratiory bronchioles

Front 94

What have outpockets of alveoli

Back 94

respitory bronchiole

Front 95

waht are small sac like structures where gas exchange occurs

Back 95

alveoli

Front 96

What happen to the number of alveoli and width of bronchioles as the respiratory bronchioles extend deeper

Back 96

alveoli increase
broncioles narrow

Front 97

What branch from the respiratory bronchioles

Back 97

alveolar ducts

Front 98

Alveolar duct have what type of walls

Back 98

irregular

Front 99

alveolar ducts are ____ air passages lined by alveoli

Back 99

narrow

Front 100

What is the diameter of alveoli

Back 100

~200um

Front 101

What are the primary site for gas exchange

Back 101

alveoli

Front 102

Capillary networks composed of large diameter capiliaries com in ____ _____ to air

Back 102

close proximity

Front 103

What seperate blood from air

Back 103

capillary endothelium, the alveolar epitheliuma nd the thin fused basal lamina between them

Front 104

What is the total thickness b/t air and blood

Back 104

.1-0.15um

Front 105

What is the total # of alveoli in adult humans and the gas exchange area

Back 105

300 million
140 m^2

Front 106

Which type of cells are very thin cells that make up most of the alveolar surface

Back 106

Type I cells squamous alveolar cells

Front 107

Waht type of cells are cuboidal and secre surfactant

Back 107

Type II cells

Front 108

What is a detergent like material consisting of phospholipids and lecithins

Back 108

surfactant

Front 109

Surfactant ___ surface tension at the alveolar surface and _____ the work required to inflat alveoli

Back 109

reduces
decrease

Front 110

Type II cells can differient into what

Back 110

Type I cells

Front 111

Alveoli contain large number of active

Back 111

pulmonary macrophages

Front 112

What protect the alveoli by ingesting inhaled bacteria and other particles

Back 112

pulmonary macrophages