Histo: Respiratory System

Front 1

What are the major subdivisions of the respiratory system?

Back 1

Extrapulmonary; Pulmonary

Front 2

What are the components of the Extrapulmonary portion?

Back 2

From the direction that air travels:
1) Nasal Cavity
2) Pharynx
3) Larynx
4) Trachea
5) Primary Bronchi

Front 3

What are the divisions of the pharynx part of extrapulmonary portion?

Back 3

Nasal, Oral, Laryngeal

Front 4

What are the components of the Intrapulmonary portion?

Back 4

1) Secondary Bronchi
2) Bronchioles (and terminal bronchioles)
3) Respiratory bronchioles
4) Alveolar ducts
5) Alveoli

Front 5

What is the place that respiration actually starts to occur?

Back 5

Respiratory bronchioles

Front 6

What are the divisions of respiratory system by function (and what are the functions?)

Back 6

1) Conducting - transports air from exterior
2) Respiratory - gas exchange

Front 7

What comprises the conducting portion?

Back 7

1) Nasal Cavity
2) Pharynx
3) Larynx
4) Trachea
5) Primary bronchi

Front 8

What comprises the respiratory portion?

Back 8

1) Respiratory bronchioles
2) Alveolar Ducts
3) Alveolar Sacs
4) Alveoli

Front 9

What is the typical respiratory epithelium?

Back 9

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia and interspersed goblet cells

Front 10

What comprises the mucosa?

Back 10

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

Front 11

Which layer is well vascularized, with many longitudinally arranged elastic fibers?

Back 11

Lamina Propria

Front 12

What does extensive vascularization do in the respiratory mucosa?

Back 12

It warms up the air coming in

Front 13

The deepest layer of mucosa can contain several things. It will contain ONE of the following:

Back 13

1) Elastic lamina - longitudinally arranged elastic fibers
2) Muscularis mucosa of SM
3) Neither

Front 14

What's in the respiratory submucosa?

Back 14

CT, mixed (mucus and serous) glands. It's well vascularized

Front 15

From outer to inner, what are the layers of a typical respiratory epithelium?

Back 15

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa with mixed glans
3) Cartilage layer (or bone)
4) Adventitia

Front 16

The epithelium tends to (increase, decrease) in height as we move towards area where gas exchange needs to occur.

Back 16

Decrease

Front 17

What 3 changes happen in the epithelia as we go towards where gas exchange occurs?

Back 17

Decrease in height; Goblet cells drop out; cilia disappear

Front 18

Where do mixed glands stop?

Back 18

Junction of secondary bronchus with a bronchiole

Front 19

What type of epithelium lines each alveolus?

Back 19

Simple squamous

Front 20

What happens to the cartilage as we go from extrapulmonary passageways to bronchi?

Back 20

Cartilage decreases in size, breaks into plates, and then stops at junction of secondary bronchus with a bronchiole

Front 21

Where do the cilia go away?

Back 21

Junction of terminal bronchiole with respiratory bronchiole

Front 22

Where is smooth muscle the thickest (relatively)?

Back 22

Terminal bronchiole

Front 23

Where are reticular fibers most plentiful?

Back 23

Alveoli themselves

Front 24

What is the transition in epithelium as we move from skin to respiratory portion in the nasal vestibule?

Back 24

Epidermis of skin --> pseuostratified respiratory epithelium

Front 25

What is the purpose of nose hairs?

Back 25

Help to trap larger particles we breathe in. This is the first way to cleanse air we breathe!

Front 26

What is the purpose of the conchi/turbinates?

Back 26

They make airflow turbulent so particles will stick to cilia. Also a radiator effect. The large surface area creates moist and warm atmosphere before it gets to the lungs.

Front 27

Is there a muscularis mucosa in the nasal cavities?

Back 27

No

Front 28

What maintains patency of nasal cavities?

Back 28

Cartilage and bone

Front 29

Where are the glands found in the nasal cavity?

Back 29

Submucosa

Front 30

What type of neurons are olfactory cells?

Back 30

Bipolar. A single dendrite projects to surface.

Front 31

WHat is the olfactory vesicle?

Back 31

Each bipolar olfactory neuron's dendrite projects to surface and terminates in a swelling.

Front 32

At the olfactory portions of the nasal cavity, the epithelium is (thicker, thinner)

Back 32

Thicker

Front 33

What other cells types (other than neurons) are found in olfactory area?

Back 33

Sustentacular/supporting cells (similar to glia); Basal cell (capable of becoming either bipolar neuron or supporting cell)

Front 34

Where are Bowman's glands?

Back 34

In submucosa of olfactory ONLY (blend with lamina propria because no muscularis mucosa).

Front 35

What do Bowman's glands release?

Back 35

Serous glands whose watery secretions flush odorants from epithelial surface

Front 36

What type of epithelium can occur over true vocal folds and much of the epiglottis due to the friction there?

Back 36

Stratified moist squamous

Front 37

What is significant about transitions in epithelial types?

Back 37

These are generally sites where cancer can form

Front 38

Vestibular folds are also called ___________

Back 38

false vocal folds

Front 39

What makes up the true vocal folds?

Back 39

Vocalis muscles and ligament

Front 40

What is the primary type of cartilage associated with the vocal apparatus?

Back 40

Hyaline

Front 41

What cartilage type is the epiglottis and smaller cartilages associated with vocal apparatus?

Back 41

Elastic

Front 42

What separates the true from false vocal folds?

Back 42

The ventricle (a space)

Front 43

What is special about the epiglottis? (2)

Back 43

1) Stratified squamous moist epithelium
2) Made of elastic cartilage

Front 44

The thyroid and cricoid cartilage are classified as ___________.

Back 44

Hyaline

Front 45

Vocalis muscle type:

Back 45

Skeletal

Front 46

What makes up vocal ligament?

Back 46

Dense regular elastic CT

Front 47

The trachea is identical in histological structure to the ________________.

Back 47

Primary bronchi

Front 48

What muscle connects the C-shaped cartilage rings?

Back 48

Trachealis.

Front 49

What is the mucosa of trachea and primary bronchi like?***

Back 49

-Typical respiratory epithelium with prominent basement membrane
-Lamina propria
-<b>Very strong Elastic lamina of longitudinally arranged elastic fibers</b>

Front 50

Esophagus expands into _____________ as food is swallowed

Back 50

trachea

Front 51

Where is Very strong Elastic lamina of longitudinally arranged elastic fibers found?

Back 51

Trachea and primary bronchi

Front 52

At what point does the cartilage change from plates to rings?

Back 52

Between primary and 2ndary bronchi

Front 53

What is the first of the remaining passageways to be surrounded by alveoli?

Back 53

2ndary bronchi

Front 54

where does the very distinct muscularis mucosa appear?

Back 54

2ndary bronchi

Front 55

How many lobes in right lung? left?

Back 55

3;2

Front 56

What maintains patency of 2ndary bronchi?

Back 56

Hyaline cartilage plates

Front 57

What kind of epithelium change occurs in the bronchioles?

Back 57

Pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells ---> simple columnar with cilia (terminal bronchioes) and no goblet cells

Front 58

What are Clara cells?

Back 58

Tall, dome-shaped non-ciliated cells that produce a protein similar to surfactant

Front 59

What is the determining histological factor between secondary bronchus and bronchiole?

Back 59

Presence of cartilage - there is none in bronchioles

Front 60

Where is muscularis mucosa at its thickest?

Back 60

Bronchioles

Front 61

What happens to the submucosa as we go from 2ndary bronchi to bronchioles?

Back 61

Mixed glands in it ---> no glands

Front 62

What maintains the patency of secondary bronchi?

Back 62

Hyaline cartilage PLATES

Front 63

What comprises the air-blood barrier?

Back 63

1) Simple squamous epithelium lining the alveolus
2) Simple squamous epithelium lining the capillary
3) Fused basal lamina from each epithelium

Front 64

What coats each alveolus?

Back 64

Surfactant

Front 65

What types of cells are spherical with a frothy cytoplasm from secreting surfactant?

Back 65

Type II or Septal cells

Front 66

How to identify a respiratory bronchiole?

Back 66

Alveoli communicate directly with lumen. Epithelium will be shorter. Will see Clara cells.

Front 67

What is the fusion of two walls of adjacent alveoli, composed of a CT core with extensive capillary plexus for gas exchange?

Back 67

Interalveolar septum

Front 68

What type of cartilage provides support for most of respiratory passageways?

Back 68

Hyaline

Front 69

What is formed by the gradual reduction in the wall of a respiratory bronchiole as the number of alveoli increases?

Back 69

Alveolar duct

Front 70

epithelium of alveolar duct

Back 70

simple cuboidal

Front 71

What are the "knobs"?

Back 71

elastic fibers and smooth muscle present here, alveoli bulge from them.

Front 72

what are the alveolar sacs?

Back 72

2+ alveoli arising from a single pair of knobs

Front 73

What are main characteristics of the CT core of the interalveolar septum?

Back 73

1) Elastic fibers predominate
2) Alveolar macrophages (DUST CELLS)
3) Large capillary network (80% alveolar surface)

Front 74

What are main characteristics of the epithelium lining of the alveolus?

Back 74

1) Pulmonary epithelial - small alveolar type I cell - simple squamous lines 95% of alveolar surface area

2) Septal - great alveolar - type II cell: regenerates type I and II cells, spherical; <b> produces surfactant</b>

Front 75

which cells produce surfactant?

Back 75

Septal/type II

Front 76

what's surfactant made of?

Back 76

monomolecular surface film of phospholipids

Front 77

When is surfactant produced?

Back 77

Last week of gestation. Absence of it in premature infants may result in respiratory distress syndrome or hyaline membrane disease.

Front 78

What are heart failure cells?

Back 78

When congestive heart failure causes fluid backup into the lungs, the RBCs leak out of the capillaries and are phagocytized by macrophages (these are the heart failure cells)

Front 79

what are Kohn's pores?

Back 79

Small openings in the interalveolar septa that aid in equalizing interalveolar pressure (but aid in transmission of bacteria)

Front 80

What forms the air-blood barrier?

Back 80

Pulmonary epithelial cells with fused basal lamina to capillary endothelial cell (basal lamina also fused to pulmonary epithelial cell)

Front 81

Pulmonary artery and branches travel ___________ to bronchial tree

Back 81

adjacent; allows supply of deoxygenated blood to pulmonary capillaries.

Front 82

which capillaries anastomose to form pulmonary veins?

Back 82

alveolar (pulmonary capillaries)

Front 83

Pulmonary (oxygenated) veins travel ____________

Back 83

away from respiratory passageways. they collect near the hilum of each lung after leaving lung lobule.

Front 84

what has happened in chronic bronchitis or smoker's cough?

Back 84

because of trauma, the respiratory epithelium has <b>changed to stratified squamous moist with NO cilia </b>. there has also been an <b>increase in mixed glands (and secretions from them) without ability to clear the secretions with the cilia </b>

Front 85

What happens in senile emphysema?

Back 85

Loss of elasticity decreases ability of alveoli to recoil

Front 86

what happens in asthma?

Back 86

Hypertrophy of smooth muscle, decreasing diameter of respiratory passageways and impeding respiration.

Front 87

what is pulmonary edema?

Back 87

Fluid in the alveolar spaces

Front 88

what is pleurisy?

Back 88

Inflammation of the pleura. Can result in abundant transudate in pleural space and adhesions between visceral and pleural layers.