Histo Respiratory

Front 1

The conducting portion

Back 1

Consist of all the components that condition air and bring it into lungs.

Consists of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Front 2

The respiratory portion

Back 2

Is responsible for gas exchange.

It consist of :

1.respiratory bronchioles

2. alveolar ducts/sacs

3.alveoli

Front 3

The respiratory portion consist of

Back 3

1. Respiratory bronchioles

2. Alveolar ducts, sacs

3. Alveoli

Front 4

Respiratory epithelium is made up of what tissue type?

Back 4

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 5

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Back 5

Varies in different regions of the respiratory tract and rests on a very thick BM

Front 6

The 3 main cell types in respiratory epithelium are

Back 6

1. ciliated epithelial cells extending to surface and have cilia-Most abundant cell type

2. Goblet cells with a mucinogen granules

3. Basal cells confined to the basal portion of the epithelium layer near the CT

Front 7

Front (Term)

Back 7

Respiratory epithelium

Front 8

Most of the small round cells at the basement membrane are____ which make up 30% of epithelium

Back 8

Stem cells

Front 9

Among goblet cells, there are intraepithelial

Back 9

Lymphocytes and dendritic cells

Front 10

The lamina propria of respiratory epithelium is

Back 10

lamina propria is the highly vascular, loose connective tissue matrix between the muscularis mucosa and epithelium

Front 11

Front (Term)

Back 11

-Note long cilia on their bulging apical ends (ciliated columnar cells)

-Round small cells at BM are Stem cells that make up 30% of epi

-Mucus secreting goblet cells, INTRAepi lymphocytes and dendritic cells are also present.

-Lamina propria is well vascularized

Front 12

_____have SMALL apical surfaces with SHORT blunt microvilli

Back 12

Brush cells

Front 13

What is the function of mucus In respiratory epithelium?

Back 13

Film of mucus traps most airborne dust particles and micro organisms

Front 14

Front (Term)

Back 14

Back (Definition)

Front 15

Front (Term)

Back 15

Back (Definition)

Front 16

Front (Term)

Back 16

Name

Front 17

Front (Term)

Back 17

Name

Front 18

Front (Term)

Back 18

Respiratory epithelium: Note thick BM, goblet cells

Hint 18

Front 19

Other columnar cells, in RE, are called ____ that have small apical surfaces and short blunt microvilli

Back 19

brush cells

Front 20

Ciliary movement, in RE, is ___ propelling the sheet of mucus toward the ____ for elimination

Back 20

continuously, Pharynx

Front 21

Front (Term)

Back 21

Back (Definition)

Front 22

The olfactory epithelium contains

Back 22

Olfactory chemoreceptors that sense smell

Front 23

Olfactory epithelium covers

Back 23

Superior conchae bilaterally

Front 24

Olfactory epithelium send axons to the brain via small openings in

Back 24

The cribriform plate of the Ethmoid bone

Front 25

Olfactory epithelium is what type of tissue?

Back 25

Pseudostratified epithelium

Front 26

Olfactory epithelium contains the following cells

Back 26

1. Basal stem cells

2. columnar supporting cells

3.bipolar olfactory neurons (dendrites of these neuron have cilia with many membrane receptors for odor)

Front 27

Olfactory epithelium:_____ of these neurons have cilia specialized with many membrane receptors for odor molecules

Back 27

Dendrites

Front 28

Front (Term)

Back 28

Note: Olfactory nerves (ON) in middle of pseudostratified olfactory epi. with supporthing cells (S) on top.

Note a THIN BM that separates the basal cells (B) and underlying lamina propria (LR)

Front 29

Binding of odor molecules causes ______which passes along ____axons to the ________of the brain

Back 29

Depolarize, basal, olfactory bulb

Front 30

Nuclei of the ______olfactory neurons lie in the middle of a pseudo stratified epithelium with a zone of _____below it (their nucleus anyway)

Back 30

Bipolar, supporting cells

Front 31

At the apical end of each bipolar olfactory neuron is

Back 31

Non motile cilia or olfactory hairs and a layer of mucus.

No cilia on supporting cells

Front 32

Front (Term)

Back 32

Back (Definition)

Front 33

a short air passage b/w pharynx and trachea is ___

Its wall contains skeletal muscles and pieces of ____for sound production or phonation

Back 33

larynx

cartilage

Front 34

Laryngeal vestibule is surrounded by

Back 34

Seromucous glands

Front 35

Lateral walls of the laryngeal vestible region bulge as a pair of

Back 35

Testicular folds VF

Front 36

Vestibular folds contain seromucous glands and ________

Back 36

Areolar CT with lymphoid nodules

Front 37

VF are largely covered by____ with regions near the epiglottis having___

Back 37

RE,

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 38

Larynx: Below ventricle is another pair of lateral folds called

Back 38

Vocal folds or cords (VC)

Front 39

Back 39

VF: Note stratified squamous epithelium near epiglottis

Front 40

Below each vestibular fold (VF) is a narrow space called

Back 40

Ventricle

Front 41

Below each ventricle is another pair of lateral folds called _____ or _____

Back 41

Vocal folds or vocal cords

Front 42

Vocal cords are covered by

Back 42

Stratified squamous epithelium

Hint 42

Front 43

Front (Term)

Back 43

Vocal cord covered in stratified squamous epi

Front 44

Vocal cords contain a large stratified ____and near the surface a small ligament

Back 44

Vocalis muscle (VM)

Front 45

Muscles cause variable _____of these ligaments that produces different sounds as air is _____across the vocal cords

Back 45

tension, expelled

Front 46

Front (Term)

Back 46

Back (Definition)

Front 47

Front (Term)

Back 47

Back (Definition)

Front 48

Trachea lined by

Back 48

RE

Front 49

Trachea: below the RE lies the

Back 49

Lamina propria CT (loose areolar CT)

Front 50

Trachea: within the lamina propria and submucosa you can find

Back 50

Seromucous glands

Front 51

Trachea: the submucosa also contains

Back 51

C shaped rings of hyaline Cartlidge (C) covered by perichondrium (P)

Front 52

Front (Term)

Back 52

Trachea

Front 53

Front (Term)

Back 53

Back (Definition)

Front 54

Front (Term)

Back 54

Trachea. RE at top--> Lamina propia (LP)-->Seromucous glands (G)-->Perichondrium (P)->Hyaline cartilage (C)

Front 55

Bronchial tree: the trachea bifurcates as right and left primary bronchi. Primary bronchi enter the hilum on the posterior side of each lung along with the _____

Back 55

pulmonary vessels lymphatics and nerves

Front 56

Bronchial tree: Within each lung, bronchi divide further to form the bronchial tree which is the ___component of ___

Back 56

last component of the conducting system

Front 57

The ____ is a ____air passage between pharynx and trachea

Back 57

Larynx, short

Front 58

Trachea--> carina-->RL Primarily bronchus--> Secondary/lobar bronchi--> tertiary (segmental bronchus)--> smaller bronchi-->

Back 58

bronchioles-->terminal bronchiole-->respiratory bronchioles-->alveolar ducts-->alveolar sacs-->alveoli

Front 59

Back 59

Tertiary (segmental) bronchus

Front 60

The lining of RE and the mucosa are ____ due to contraction of its ___

Back 60

folded, smooth muscle (M)

Front 61

The wall of RE is surrounded by many pieces of

Back 61

Hyaline cartilage

Front 62

RE contains many seromucous glands (G) in the _____. These glands drain into the ____

Back 62

submucosa, lumen

Front 63

Surrounding the CT of the bronchi is

Back 63

arteries and vein (V). These vessels branch smaller and smaller as the approach respiratory bronchioles

Hint 63

Front 64

All bronchii are surrounded by distinct

Back 64

lung tissue (LT) which is characterized by many empty spaces of pulmonary alveoli

Hint 64

Front 65

The epithelial lining (E) of bronchi is

Back 65

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells WITH a FEW GOBLET cells

Hint 65

Front 66

Back 66

epithelial lining of bronchii

Front 67

In SMALLER bronchi, the epi is mostly _____ and the ____ has both ____ and _____ near cartilage

Back 67

Columnar cells with cilia and FEWER goblet cells.

Lamina propria has smooth m. (SM and small serous glands (G) near cartilage (C)

Hint 67

Front 68

a LARGE bronchiole has

Back 68

folded RE (E)

Prominent smooth m.

supported ONLY by fibrous CT (CT)

Hint 68

Front 69

Back 69

A large bronchiole

Front 70

The epithelium of a SMALLER BRONCHIOLES is

Back 70

simple ciliated columnar, its smooth m. has elastic fibers with high elastic content (arrow)

Hint 70

Front 71

Back 71

Small Bronchiole.

Front 72

small bronchiole has CT that includes

Back 72

lymphocytes (L) and nodules

Hint 72

Front 73

Small bronchioles: ______ are present in the tunica media of large arteriole (A) and to a lesser extent the accompanying venule (V)

Back 73

Elastic fibers

Front 74

Small bronchioles: ______ are also present in the ______ of a large arteriole (A) and its accompanying veniole (V)

Back 74

elastic fibers in the tunica media

Hint 74

Front 75

Back 75

Structure of artery wall. In bronchiolles, elastic fibers invade tunica media in LARGE arteriole

Front 76

The epi of VERY SMALL bronchioles is composed of

Back 76

simple ciliated cuboidal with several layers of smooth muscle

Hint 76

Front 77

Back 77

Very small bronchiole with simple ciliated cuboidal epi

big layer of smooth m.

Front 78

Terminal bronchiole are the ___ system BEFORE gas exchange occurs

Back 78

last part of the air conditioning

Hint 78

Front 79

Back 79

last part of conducting sys- terminal bronchiole

Hint 79

made of ciliated simple cuboidal and many low simple non-ciliated columnar

Front 80

Terminal bronchiole have only 1-2 layers of ___ surrounded by ___

Back 80

smooth m. surrounded by CT

Front 81

Terminal bronchiole epi is made up of

Back 81

ciliated simple cuboidal and many low simple non-ciliated columnar

Front 82

_____ are seen in the surround LT of terminal bronchiole

Back 82

Alveoli

Front 83

Front (Term)

Back 83

Clara cells

Front 84

Clara cells are

Back 84

non ciliated and have bulging domes of apical cytoplasm containing granules

Front 85

Clara functions

Back 85

1. Secrete components of surfactant which reduces surface tension and helps prevent collapse of bronchioles

2. Secrete P450 enzyme of their smooth ER detoxifies

Front 86

Clara cells also function to

Back 86

secrete secretory components for:

1. the transfer of IgA into bronchiolar lumen

2. lysozyme and other enzymes active against bac and viruses

3. Several cytokines that regulate local inflammatory responses

Front 87

Clara cell function (Broad)

Back 87

Secrete:

1. Surfactant

2. P450 enzyme

3. IgA

4. Lysozyme and other other enzymes,

5.cytokines

Front 88

____ cells give rise to all the cells within the bronchiolar epi are also included among Clara cells

Back 88

stem cells

Front 89

Terminal bronchioles branch into ____ which further branch into

Back 89

respiratory bronchioles,

alveolar ducts and individual alveoli

Front 90

Respiratory bronchioles are similar to terminal bronchioles except for the presence of

Back 90

scattered alveoli along their length

Front 91

__ travel with the bronchioles

Back 91

Pulmonary blood vessels

Front 92

A dense layer of branching __and __ surround each alveolus

Back 92

capillaries and elastic fibers

Hint 92

Front 93

Respiratory Bronchioles have LT that is spongy like. It is abundant wit air passages and packets called

Back 93

Alveoli

Front 94

Back 94

Hint 94

respiratory bronchioles

Front 95

Respiratory bronchioles (RB)  Shows branching continuity with

Back 95

alveolar ducts (AD) and sacs (AS)

Front 96

Respiratory bronchioles have a layer of ___ and some regions of ____

Back 96

smooth muscle and cuboidal epithelium

Front 97

RB runs along a thin-walled branch of the

Back 97

pulmonary artery (PA)

Front 98

RB branches of the pulmonary vein (V) course elsewhere in the

Back 98

parenchyma

Front 99

Alveolar ducts consist of

Back 99

1. a linear series of alveoli, each with smooth muscle fibers around the opening 

2.End in two or more clusters of alveoli called alveolar sacs

Front 100

Individual alveoli (A) open to

Back 100

alveolar sacs or ducts

Front 101

Gas exchange bw air and blood occurs at a membranous barrier bw each__and ___

Back 101

alveolus and capillaries surrounding it

Hint 101

Front 102

Back 102

Air-blood barrier consists of

1. Alveolar type I cell

2. Capillary endothelial cell

3. fused BMs

Oxygen and CO2 pass in opposite directions

Front 103

The inner lining of alveoli is covered by a layer of ___which ____flud surface tension and ___

Back 103

surfactant , lowers, prevents collapse of alveoli

Hint 103

Front 104

The septa between alveoli (A) contain several cell types :

Front 105

Capillaries include

Back 105

erythrocytes and leukocytes

Front 106

The alveoli are lined mainly by

Back 106

squamous type I alveolar cells (I)

Front 107

___ cells line almost the entire alveolus surface and gas exchange occurs across these cell

Back 107

Type I

Front 108

Back 108

Front 109

Type II alveolar cells

Back 109

1. Line a bit of each alveolus and are large rounded cells

2. Often bulge into the alveolus (II)

3. Have many functions of Clara cells, including production of surfactant

Front 110

Alveolar macrophages (M) also called

Back 110

dust cells and present in the alveoli or in the interalveolar septa

Front 111

Back 111

surfactant production by a type 2 cell

Front 112

Surfactant production by a type 2 cell

Back 112

1. Secreted continuously by exocytosis and forms an oily film containing phospholipids and surfactant protein

2.contains protein-lipid complexes synthesized initially in the ER and Golgi apparatus

Front 113

Surfactant production by a type 2 cell:

Surfactant containing protein lipid complexes formed my ER and golgi-->

Back 113

form multivesicular bodies-->lamellar bodes (large)-->extruded via exocytosis

OR

Golgi--> small lamellar body can fuse with lipoprotein vesicle and then get extruded out via extocytosis

Front 114

Asthma is

Back 114

A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by episodes of acute bronchoconstriction

Hint 114

Front 115

Asthma leads to

Back 115

shortness of breath, cough, chest tightness, wheezing, and rapid respiration.

Front 116

Airflow obstruction in asthma is due to bronchoconstriction that results from:

Back 116

1. contraction of bronchial smooth m.,

2 inflammation of the bronchial wall,

3. increased secretion of mucus

Front 117

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) is

Back 117

A chronic, irreversible obstruction of airflow that is usually progressive and characterized by persistent symptoms

Hint 117

Front 118

Symptoms of COPD include

Back 118

1. Cough

2. Excess mucus production

3. chest tightness

4.breathlessness

5. difficulty sleeping

6. fatigue

Front 119

____is the greatest risk factor for COPD

Back 119

smoking

Front 120

What happens to your lungs in COPD?

Back 120

There is small airways fibrosis

Obstruction, and/or destruction of alveoli and of elastin fibres in the lung parenchyma

Front 121

What is Pleura? What types are there?

Back 121

Are serous membranes (serosa) associated with each lung and thoracic cavity

1. Parietal pleura

2. Visceral pleura

Front 122

lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity

Back 122

Parietal pleura

Front 123

covers the outer surface of the lung

Back 123

Visceral pleura

Front 124

Between parietal and visceral pleura is the narrow space called

Back 124

pleural cavity

Front 125

Back 125

histo of pleura

Front 126

both layers of pleura consist of a _____ on a thin layer of connective tissue that is rich in ____and ___

CT also contains both __

Back 126

simple squamous mesothelium (M)

collagen and elastic fibers

blood vessels (V) and lymphatics (L)