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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sperm pathway |
Seminiferous tubulues-epididymus- vas deferens-ejaculatory duct- urethre- penis sperm travels through the excurrent duct system |
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Vasculature of testes |
receives blood from the testicular artery branches into pampiniform venous plexus |
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Tunica albuginea |
CT layer surrounding the testes mediastinum: thickening of this CT at the posterior aspect |
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Seminiferous epithelium/ tubules |
germ cells at different stages of development
Sertoli and spermatogenic cells no blood vessels bc it's an epithelium |
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lamina propria of seminiferous tubules |
Myoid cells and collagen fibrils lydig cells blood vessels and lymphatics |
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Spermatid phase |
yields 4 spermatids |
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spermatogonial phase |
yields primary spermatocytes |
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spermatocyte phase |
yields secondary spermatocyte (very short) |
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Spermatogenesis |
begins at puberty; triggered by drop in pituitary gonadotropins requires Vit A |
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Sertoli cells |
sit on the basement membrane help to move the spermatogenic cells towards the lumen Spermatogonia: basal compartment Spermatocytes and spermatids: adluminal compartment maintain testosterone levels |
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Spermiogenesis: 1. acrosome formation
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made in rough ER assembles adjacent to nucleus and determines the anterior part of the sperm coarse fibers connect the tail to the nucleus |
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Spermiogenesis: 2 3 4 |
Cellular elongation tail formation nuclear condensation/packaging (histones replaced by protamines) |
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Leydig cells
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eosinophilic secrete testosterone early in life dormant until 5months-puberty activated by gonadotropins |
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rete testes |
simple cuboidal surrounded by myoid cells fibroblasts and CT rich in vasculature |
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Efferent ductules |
pierces the tunica albuginea and connects the rete testes to the epididymus PS columnar epithelium principal cells (reabsorption of fluid) ciliated cells and basal cells |
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excurrent ducts system |
includes the efferent ductules, epididymus, vas deferens and ejaculatory duct |
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epididymus |
sperm gains motility and ability to fertilize the oocyte acquire zona recognition characteristics PS columnar epi |
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accessory glands
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seminal vesicles bulbourethral glands prostate gland |
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Semen |
produced by the testes Epididymus vas deferens prostate seminal vesicle and cowpers glands |
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Primary ovarian follicles arrested in |
prophase of meiosis I the most follicles are present at about fetal 6 months |
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Primordial follicle |
oocyte plus the surrounding follicle layer of granulosa cells develops on the outside |
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secondary follicle
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Theca Externa (layer of stromal cells continuous with the CT) space b/t follicular cells indicates secondary follicle fluid accumulates stage at the time of ovulation |
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late secondary follicle (graffian follicle) |
under the control of FSH epidermal GF, insulin like gf and calcium ions prominent antrum - lined by granolas cells, under which is the basal lamina, theca interna and theca externa |
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Follicular phase
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estradiol is produced as a result of an interaction between the granulosa cells and theca internal cells |
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Estradiol |
theca internal cells produce androstenedione granulosa cells take the androstenedione and aromatize it to estradiol with FSH stimulation |
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block to polyspermy |
depolarization of oocyte membrane causes Ca2++ flux which causes cortical granule to fuse with the membrane and release proteases |
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Follicle fates |
1 Corpus luteum forms 2 corpus albicans degenerates over several month 3 follicular degeneration occurs anytime in the cycle |
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Corpus luteum (follicle after ovulation) |
Function of the CL is regulated by FSH and LH theca internal cells make the estradiol |
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Corpus albicans |
remnants of corpus luteum- insides replaced with connective tissue |
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Follicular phase
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Estrogen predominant includes the menstrual and the proliferative phase |
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luteal phase |
Progesterone is prominent includes the secretory phase [FSH and LH surge as we transition from follicular to luteal phase] |
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Oviduct |
smooth muscle [uterine end] isthmus ampulla infundibulum [ovarian end] |
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Uterine tube |
ciliated and non ciliated simple columnar epithelial cells |
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Uterus |
Endometrium (functional layer basal layer- functional layer is lost) Myometrium perimetrium secretions in the uterus promotes capacitation of the sperm (removal of glycocalyx) |
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functional layer |
Affected by estrogen/progesterone levels and blood supply from spiral arteries |
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basal layer |
not affect by estrogen/progesterone not supplied by spiral arteries - derives blood from basal arteries this layer is not during menstruation |
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vasculature of the functional layer |
[uterine arteries -> arcuate arteries -> radial arteries ]- myometrium -> straight arteries (basal layer) -> spiral arteries |
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Glands of the proliferative phase |
straight uterine glands are indicative of proliferative phase and thin spiral arteries |
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glands of Secretory or luteal phase
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coil shaped uterine glands |
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Implantation |
cytotrophoblast give rise to the syncytiotrophoblast |
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Decidua basalis |
the maternal component of the placenta |
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chorion frondosum |
The chorionic plate and villi developed from the cytotrophoblast (fetal component) |
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mammary glands
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lactiferous ducts end in tubuloalveolar glands under the control of prolactin and oxytocin |
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ovulation |
meiosis one ends and Meiosis II begins Day 14 of the menstrual cycle |
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Genital ridges |
form from swelling of sex chords which have developed from coelomic epithelium |
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Sex chords become |
ovarian follicles in females sertoli cells of the seminal vesicles in males |
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Development of male gonads |
SRY region on Y chromosome regulates medullary sex chords into sertoli cells via SF1 as a result sertoli cells produce anti mullerian hormone |
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development of female gonads |
Wnt4 is unregulated -> up regulates Dax1 Sex chords differentiate into oogonia and follicle cells NO ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMNONE bc no sertoli cells |
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SF1 |
transcription factor important for gonad development and adrenal development |
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WT1 |
transcription factor Gonad and kidney development |
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Anti mullerian hormone |
presence induces the degradation of paramesonephric ducts causes the gonadal ridge to become leydig cells |
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estrogen in development |
induces the Mullerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts) to become uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and part of vagina |
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Lower part of uterovaginal canal |
becomes superior part of the vagina (fornices) |
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sinuvaginal bulds |
becomes the vaginal plate which elongates and becomes the lower vagina |
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Hymen |
the tissue between the vaginal plate of the primary UG sinus |
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Dihydrotestosterone |
induces external genetalia to become penic and scrotum induces development of prostate |
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Genital tubercles develops into.. |
Male: Glands penis and shaft Female: Glans and shaft of clitoris |
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Def UG sinus develops into... |
Male: Penile urethra Female: Vestibule of vagina |
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Urethral Fold develops into |
Male: penis Female: Labia Minora |
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Labioscrotal Fold develops into.. |
Male: scrotum Female: Labia majora |
