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262 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What contributes to conducting portion of respiratory sys?
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nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
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What is the function of the conducting airway?
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cleans, heats, humidifies, and carries air to exchange airways
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What is respiratory epithelium?
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ciliated pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells, lines most of the conducting portion
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Nasal passages are?
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dense fibrous ct. blending to cartilage and covered with skin on the outside
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What is the vestibule?
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keratinized stratified squamous with vibrissae and glands
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Epithelium of nostrils (nares)?
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transitioned to respiratory epi. from vestibule
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What is special about lamina propria of nose?
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numerous veins near surface for heating and humidifying (and nosebleeds)
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What are paranasal sinuses?
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facial bones with air cavities that communicate with true nasal cavities
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What are the four sets of paranasal sinuses?
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frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones (all lined w/resp. epi.)
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What covers the superior nasal conchae?
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superior aspect with olfactory epithelium specialized for sensory reception
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What is special about olfactory epithelium?
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bipolar neurons with specialized dendrites, supportive sustentacular cells, and basal cells.
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What are bowmans glands?
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serous glands in the lamina propria that cleans aromatic molecules from epithelial surface.
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What is the nasopharynx?
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connects pharynx and trachea, irregularly shaped with cartilage that houses vocal cords
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What is hyaline cartilage in the nasopharynx?
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thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids
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What is elastic cartilage in nasopharynx?
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corniculates, cuneiforms and tips of arytenoids.
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What connects cartilages and what does it form?
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dense fibrous ct. forming membranes containing the false and true vocal cords
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What covers false and true vocal cords?
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false: resp epi.
true: stratified squamous |
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What is the trachea?
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10-12cm long tube extending from cricoid cartilage to left and right bronchi
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What makes up the layers of the trachea?
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mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, adventicia
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Mucosa of the trachea is?
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respiratory epithelium with basal cells, stem cells, and APUD cells, all underscored by lamina propria
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Submucosa of trachea is?
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loose areolar ct. with numerous mucous and serous glands
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Cartilage of trachea is?
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~20 c shaped cartilages holding the airway patent (open), they are open to the posterior and covered there with trachealis m.
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What lines the thoracic cavity? Surface of lungs?
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simple squamous epi, called parietal pleura
same epi. but called visceral pleura |
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What is between parietal and visceral pleura?
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potential space
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What are the lobes of the lung?
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right lung has 3
left lung has 4 each lobe has 10 bronchiopulmonary segments |
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What are the first two layers of the trachea that disappear as branching continues in the lung?
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lamina propria and submucosa
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What replaces cartilage in the continual branching of bronchi? What is it now called?
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smooth muscle
bronchiole |
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What comes after the terminal bronchiole?
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respiratory bronchiole
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Where is the first site of gas exchange in the lung?
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respiratory bronchiole
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What connects respiratory bronchiole with alveolar sacs?
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alveolar ducts
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What are the two alveolar cells and their function?
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Type I - exchange (simple sq. epi)
Type II - surfactant and lamellar bodies (low cuboidal and found at angles of alveolar sacs) |
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What permits collateral ventilation?
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alveolar pores (of Kohn)
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What makes up the blood air barrier?
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surfactant- simple sq. epi. of alveolus, basal lamina of alveoli, interstitial space, basal lam. of endothelium, endothelial cells.
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What is the carina?
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the area of bifurcation of the trachea
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Describe the wall of a bronchi.
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adventicia, respiratory epi- with diminishing height/goblet cells. contains cartilage
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Describe the wall of a bronchiole.
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no cartilage, sm. muscle & elastic fibers, lamina propria. Goblets are lost before cilia Clara cells
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What are clara cells?
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found in bronchioles, produce surface active agent (like surfactant)
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Describe the wall of a respiratory bronchiole.
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low cuboidal epi. no goblet cells or cilia. some sm. muscle and elastic fibers. some alveolar outpocketing
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Describe an alvolar duct.
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mostly alveoli with some cuboidal cells, primarily an exchange structure
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Describe an alveolar sac.
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bubble shaped arrangement of alveoli, purely exchange structures of simple sq. epi.
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What is a lamellar body?
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surfactant membrane produced by Type II cells
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What is an interstitium?
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interalveolar septum- between two alveolar sacs that touch
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What are the properties of emphazema?
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decreased elastic fibers
retaining CO2 loss of surface area of exchange by ruining alveolar structure usually die of pneumonia |
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function of the esophagus
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propel food to stomach
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function of the stomach
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store, churn, acidify, digest
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function of the duodenum
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absorb nutrients, add exocrine secretions
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function of the jejunum
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absorb nutrients
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function of the ileum
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absorb nutrients, immune functions
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function of the colon
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absorb water, add mucous
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function of the recto-anal jct
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storage and elimination
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mucosal epi. of esophagus
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strat. squam. non-keratinized
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mucosal epi. of stomach
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simple columnar producing surface mucous, NO MICROVILLI
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mucosal epi. of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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simple columnar, absorpative, many microvilli and villi
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mucosal epi. of colon
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simple columnar, absorpative, many microvilli and NO VILLI
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mucosal epi. of recto anal jct
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like colon transitioning to strat. squamous w/keratin
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cells & products of esophagus
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epithelial stem cells in BASES of epithelium
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cells & products of stomach
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mucous neck, alkaline mucous
Parietal cell - HCL & Intrinsic Factor Chief cell - Pepsinogen Enteroendocrine cells - hormones Epithelial stem cells in NECKS of glands |
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cells & products of duodenum
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Goblet cells - mucous
Paneth - Lysozymes Enteroendocrine cells - hormones Epithelial stem cells in bases of CRYPTS |
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cells & products of jejunum
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Goblet cells - mucous
Paneth - Lysozymes Enteroendocrine cells - hormones Epithelial stem cells in bases of CRYPTS |
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cells & products of ileum
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Goblets - mucous
Paneth - Lysozymes M CELLS at surface of Peyers Enteroendocrine cells - hormones Epithelial stem cells in bases of CRYPTS |
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cells & products of colon
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Goblets - mucous
Paneth - Lysozymes Enteroendocrine cells - hormones Epithelial stem cells in bases of CRYPTS |
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cells & products of recto-anal jct.
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Goblets - mucous
Few Paneth Epithelial stem cells in bases EPITHLIUM |
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lamina propria of esophagus
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cardiac glands,
mucous, standard lymphoid |
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lamina propria of stomach, duodenum, jejunum
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standard lymphoid
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lamina propria of ileum
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very lymph w/ Peyer's patches
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lamina propria of colon and recto anal junction
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very lymph
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Muscularis mucosa of entire GI tract
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inner circ
outer longitudinal |
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submucosa of esophagus
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Esoph. Glands Proper-mucous
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submucosa of stomach, jejunum, ileum, colon, recto anal jct
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Standard =
blood vessels, nerves etc MEISSNER'S CORPUSCLES |
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submucosa of duodenum
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Standard =
blood vessels, nerves etc Brunner's glands |
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muscularis externa of esophagus
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upper 1/3 skeletal,
mid 1/3 mixed lower 1/3 smooth Aurbach's plexi |
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muscularis externa of stomach
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inner oblique
MIDDLE CIRCULAR outer longitudinal Aurbach's plexi |
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muscularis externa of duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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inner circular
outer longitudinal Aurbach's plexi |
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muscularis externa of colon
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inner circular
outer longitudinal BANDS OF TAENIA COLI Aurbach's plexi |
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muscularis externa of recto-anal jct
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begin as colon and returns to skeletal at exit
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aventitia or serosa of esophagus
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adventitia start,
serosa below diaphragm |
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adventitia or serosa of stomach, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, colon
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serosa
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adventitia or serosa of recto-anal junction
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ADVENTITIA
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What are the main structures of the female reproductive sys?
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Ovary, fallopian tubes (oviducts), uterus, vagina, mammary gland
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Describe the maturation of the ova and what surrounds it at each stage.
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Primordial-oocyte surrounded by simple sq.
primary-oocyte & Z. pellucida- surrounded by layers of cuboidal granulosa cells secondary-oocyte & z. pellucida- surrounded by antrum and granulosa cells mature (Graafian)- surrounded as above larger and bulges through cortex of ovary |
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Theca produces?
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interna: estrogens
externa: ct. |
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Ovulation is?
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release of oocyte into peritoneal cavity to oviduct
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Post ovulatory changes in ovary are?
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-progesteron production via corpus luteum
-corpus albicans (white scar) |
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What are the parts of the uterus?
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myometrium- 3 thick bands of sm. m.
endometrium- glandular epithelium, subject to cyclic changes cervix- |
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What are the parts of the vagina?
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adventitia, mucularis(sm.), epithelium
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What are mammary glands?
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modifies sweat glands
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What are testis?
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paired glands with ct. capsule dividing into septa and lobuli, 35 degrees C required
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What is within the seminiferous tubules?
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Spermatogenic cells
Sertoli cells Leydig cells |
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What is a spermatogenic cell?
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change from spermatogonia to spermatozoa
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What is spermatogenesis?
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controlled by FSH and testosterone it is the mitosis and maturation of sperm cells in seminiferous tubule
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What is spermiogenesis?
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differentiation of spermatid to spermatozoa
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What are sertoli cells?
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"nurse cells" with large nuclei and tripartite nucleolus,
function in support, secretion, phagocytosis, and blood testes barrier |
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What are leydig cells?
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"interstitial cells" in the interstitium between the seminiferous tubules, large, euchromatic, ++++SER & lipids.
crystals of reinke (testosterone) |
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What are crystals of reinke?
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part of leydig cell, producing testosterone under the influence of LH
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What are seminal vesicles?
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diverticulum off ductus deferens at ampulla make secretion containing fructose and prostaglandin
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What is the prostate?
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surrounds urethra below bladder, tuboalveolar gland, drains to uretha, cuboidal to columnar epi.
secretion is thin, contains ascorbic acid and enzymes |
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What the bulbourethral gland?
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Cowpers gland- paired, pea sized, in the membrane of urethra, tuboalveolar with drainage to penile urethra
secretion is clear viscous lubricant |
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What is seminal fluid?
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glandular secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral gland, with the addition of spermatozoa
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What is the corpora cavernosa?
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paired dorsal erectile tissue attached to pubis surrounded by tough ct. and tunica albuginea
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What is the corpus spongiosum?
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contains the urethra, dilates at distal end to from glans.
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What covers the glans?
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prepuce (retractile foreskin)
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Remember this
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2 dorsal arteries supply penis and 1 vein drains
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During an erection blood flows..
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into branches of dorsal arteries piercing corpora cavernosa and branch into capillary plexus and helicine arteries.
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What are helicine arteries?
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thick non-elastic tunica intima with intimal ridges (preventing reflux), open to erectile tissue of corpora
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During an erection parasypmathetic innervation stimulates...
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smooth muscle of the arteries to relax and fill with blood. pressure increases the veins compress repressing venous return
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What is detumescence?
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following ejaculation, parasympathetic innervation decreases and smooth muscle returns to normal tonus, the process is reversed and blood flow is allowed
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Remember this...
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Parasympathetic innervation Points and Sympathetic Shoots
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General organization and main idea of each structure
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Paired kidneys - retroperitoneal, lumbar
Paired ureters - exit renal pelvis Bladder - muscular storage chamber Urethra - exit from the body |
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Kidney- renal pelvis features
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major calyx
minor calyces pyramids - define lobes, between renal columns with base towards cortex, apex drains from area cribrosa to calyx |
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Kidney- cortex features
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contains renal corpuscles and most of nephrons
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Kidney - medulla features
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maintains Henle's loops, collecting ducts & vasculature
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Kidney blood flow Aorta...
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Aorta to renal artery to
Inter lobar artery Arcuate arteries interlobar arteries Afferent arteries Peritubular capillary network vasa recta (long nephrons only) |
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what is a uriniferous tubule?
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nephron + collecting duct
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Where is the renal corpuscle?
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not in the medulla, but in the cortex
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glomerular capillaries receive and feed
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supplied by afferent arteriole and empty into efferent arteriole
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Renal corpuscle - Bowmans capsule features
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parietal layer - simple quamous
visceral layer - podocytes with pedicells around glomerular capillaries |
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what is between the pedicells of a podocyte?
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filtration slits
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Renal Corpuscle - Mesangial cells features
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phagocytic to basal lamina
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Renal corpuscle - Filtration Barrier features
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composed of Type II capillary endothelium (without valves); filtration slits of podocytes; & continuous basal lamina
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Proximal convoluted tubule features
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exits from urinary pole of capsule
composed of low columnar, eosinophilic, long brushborder many mitochondria, lateral and basal interdigitations |
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Loop of Henle features
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descending think segment = Proximal Convoluted Tubule in structure
Thin Segments: Type I & II simple squamous Ascending Segment: structurally like Distal Convoluted Tubule |
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Thin segment of loop of Henle features
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short (cortical) nephron: has short thin segment on descending limb only
long (juxtamedullary) nephron: descending thin and ascending thin of Type II epithelium but hairpin loop is Type I Epithelium, surrounded by vasa recta |
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Disal Convoluted Tubule features
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-cuboidal, eosinophilic, apical nuclei
-no lateral cell boundaries are visible |
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Collecting Tubule (duct) features
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-pale staining, cuboidal, basal nuclei, clear lateral cell borders
-epithelium increases in height |
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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus features
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-juxtaglomerular cells: produce renin, may respond to stretch of arteriole wall
-macula densa: special distal convoluted tubule sensitive to osmolality -lacis cells: extraglomerular mesangial cells, phagocytic? |
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Renal pelvis and ureter features
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lining of transitional epithelium
mucosa is inner longitudinal, outer circular |
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Urinary Bladder features
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-lined with transitional epithelium
-three thick bands of irregular muscle (eble-"a mess, a bigger mess, and another mess" -thick adventitia |
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Female Urethra features
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-3-4 cm long
-pseudostrat becoming str. squamous -skeletal muscle at orifice |
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Male Urethra features
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-prostatic through prostate, pseudostrat. picks up secretions from prostate and ejaculatory ducts
-membracum: 2 cm pseudostrat, runs thru skel mus. sphincter -penile: 15 cm, strat squam. glands of Littre |
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What defines endocrine gland?
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relases signal directly to blood
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Hypophysis features
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adenohypophysis (anterior)
neurohypophysis (posterior) |
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Adenohypophysis features
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pars distalis (bulb)
pars tubaris (surrounds infundibular stalk) pars intermedia - MSH production hypophyseal portal system (hypothalamus to pars distalis) |
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Adenohypothysis - pars distalis secretions
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somatotropes - (GH/somatotropic hormone)
mammotropes - (prolactin/lactogenic hormone) thyrotropes - (TSH) corticotropes (ACTH) gonadotropes (LH, FSH) |
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Neurohypophysis features
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Pars Nervosa (site of neurohormone release to vasculature; oxytocin/ADH-vasopressin)
Infundibulum: stalk = stem + median eminence Hypophyseal tract (axons from hypothalamic neurons to storages in pars nervosa) |
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Thyroid gland features
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Principle (follicular) cells
"C" clear (parafollicular) cells |
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Thyroid- Principle cells features
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simple cuboidal + basophilic = active
simple squamous + acidophilic = inactive extracellular storage of thyroglobulin (precursor to TH) in colloid of follicle |
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Thyroid - C cells
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large oval cells in interstitial area around follicle
synthesize and store Calcitonin (decrease serum [Ca+]) |
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Parathyroid gland cell features
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Chief cells: many small clear cells produce parathyroid hormone (increase serum [Ca+])
Oxyphil cells: fewer, large, acidophilic stem cells? |
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Adrenal cortex features
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Zona Glomerulosa: clusters of cells under capsule
Zona Fasiculata: cords of cells in middle of cortex Zona Reticularis: network of cell in innermost portion of cortex |
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Glomerulosa (salt)
Fasiculata (sugar) Reticularis (sex) Produce what? |
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) gonadocorticoids (testosterone, estrogen-like) |
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Medulla features
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from neural crest it is a modified sympathetic ganglia of chromaffin cells
produce epinephrine/norepinephrine & release to blood needs potassium dichromate or silver stain |
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where do neural structures of the hypophysis arise from?
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neuroectoderm of diencephalon (infundibulum/pars nervosa)
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where do glandular structures of hypophysis arise from?
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ectoderm of Rathke's Pouch (pars distalis/pars intermedia/pars tubaris
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what make up the posterior lobe of the hypophysis?
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pars intermedia and pars nervosa
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what makes up the anterior lobe of hypophysis?
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pars distalis and pars tuberalis
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what makes up infundibular stalk?
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median eminence + infundibular stem
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what makes up neurohypohysis?
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infundibular stalk + pars nervosa + median eminence
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what makes up the adenohypohysis?
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pars distalis + pars tuberalis + pars intermedia
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what is the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis?
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pars intermedia
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What controls the hypophysis and what does it derive from during development?
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hypothalamus from the diencephalon
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What makes up the hypophyseal portal system?
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venous portal system from hypothalamus to andenohypophysis
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What makes up the hypophyseal tract?
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unmyelinated fibers pass from the hypothalamus to infundibular stalk to pars nervosa
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Pancreas islets of langerhans features and blood flow of pancreas
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-ovoid clusters of endocrine cells embedded in the exocrine pancreas
-blood perfuses the endocrine cells first and then exocrine tissue |
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Islets of langerhans cell features
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A (alpha) cells - glucagon
B (beta) cells - insulin C (clear) cells - stem cells? D (delta cells - somatostatin, VIP |
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Pineal gland (epiphysis) features
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small gland in roof of 3rd ventricle
Pinealocytes Acervuli |
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Pinealocyte features
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primary (parenchyma) cells of pineal gland
resemble glia (SYNTHESIZE MELATONIN) |
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Avervuli of pineal gland features
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"brain sand"
calcium carbonate crystals |
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The membranous organelle of protein synthesis is?
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rough ER
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The name of a strand of mRNA studded with ribosomes is?
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polysome
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What is the term for a lysosome that has completed digestion but retains junk?
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residual body
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What organelles contain DNA?
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mitochondria and nucleus
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What organelles produces ATP?
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Mitochondria
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What organelle is responsible for the assembly of ribosomes?
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nucleolus
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What surface specialization increases surface area at the apex of the cell? At the bottom?
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microvilli
basal infoldings |
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What surface specialization moves material along the cell's apical surface?
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cilia
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What has 9 microtubular doublets around a central pair?
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axoneme
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Who gets an axoneme?
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cilia and flagella
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What has 9 microtubular triplets around hollow center?
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centriol and basal body
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Membranous organelle that makes lipids and detoxifies the cell?
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smooth ER
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Dark, granular, basophilic material found in neuron cell bodies and dendrites is called?
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Nissl
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The primary producer of CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) is the?
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Choroid plexus
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The cell responsible for the formation of meyelin in the peripheral nervous system is?
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schwann cell
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Which type of axonal transport moves material from the terminal to the cell body?
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retrograde
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Which part of the neurons are specialized for conduction of electrical impulse?
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axons
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Which of the following are phases of neuronal degeneration?
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proximal & distal
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Oligodendrocytes are a type of?
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macroglia
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Which of the following neurons are pseudounipolar?
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sensory
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What kind of neuronal degeneration occurs between damage and cell body?
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proximal
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What are the three meningeal layers from superficial to deep?
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dura, arachnoid, pia
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What cell produces myelin in the CNS?
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oligodendrocyte
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What do we call a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS? In the PNS?
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Nucleus/ganglion
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What muscle that occurs in the walls of hollow tubes and engages in rhythmic and tonic contraction?
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visceral (unitary)
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What cardiac muscle fiber has smaller diameter, few terminal cisternae & secretes atrial natriuretic peptide?
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atrial
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Which muscle type has the ability to regenerate?
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Smooth Muscle
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What protein molecule blocks the binding site on actin for myosin?
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Tropomyosin
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The connective tissue layer that surrounds each muscle fiber?
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endomysium
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Region of the cell membrane in striated muscle which carries the depolarization?
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T-tubules
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Actin and Myosin can both be found in what band?
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A-band
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Conduction fibers include all of these?
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SA node, AV node, Bundle of HIS, Purkinje Fibers
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What type of striated muscle has centrally located nuclei?
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cardiac
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What do we call a single nerve fiber and all of the muscle fibers it innervates?
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motor unit
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What skeletal muscle fibers have small diam. much myoglobin, many mito., little glycogen?
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slow, red fibers
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What do we call the spot where the motor nerve pierces through the epimysium?
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motor point
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What muscle type has peripheral nuclei and is a true structural syncytium?
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skeletal
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Name a unicellular exocrine gland. Unicellular endocrine?
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goblet cell: enteroendocrine cell
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What epithelium has domed apex & can be stretched and distended?
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transitional
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What junctional complex keeps cells from being pulled apart?
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Adherens/desmosome
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What epithelial type is characterized by thin cytoplasm, flattened ovoid nuclei, and is wider than it is tall?
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squamous
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What kind of exocrine secretion is characterized by only the cell's product being secreted?
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merocrine
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What type of cellular junctional complex enables ion transport?
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GAP or NEXUS
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What type of cells release their product to neighboring cells to influence their function?
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paracrine
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All of the following are surface specializations except:
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cilia, flagella, microvilli, stereocilia, keratin
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What criteria are used for classifying epithelial tissues?
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shape at surface, # of layers, surface specializations
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What type of gland discharges it's secretory products directly into the bloodstream?
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endocrine glands
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A secretory process in which the entire cell becomes part of the secretory product is known as?
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Holocrine
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Name the specialized epithelium that lines the urinary tract?
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transitional
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Name the manner of secretion in which sebaceous glands secrete?
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holocrine
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Which of the following describes epithelial tissue?
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many close similar cells, polarization, avascular
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What types of bone is arranged in spicules and trabeculae?
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cancellous/spongy
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Which type of collagen is made by chondroblasts in cartilage?
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Type II
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What cell type is responsible for making glycoproteins, GAGs?
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Fibroblasts
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These cells are responsible for the production of all of the ct. fiber types.
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Fibroblasts
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What glycoprotein binds cells to their extracellular matrix?
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integrins
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Name the ct. containing macrophages, plasma cells, lymphoid cells, and is found beneath epithelium?
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lamina propria
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What are the 3 components of ct?
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ECM, cells, fibers
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What type of collagen makes up reticular fibers?
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Type III
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What type of cells contain granules of heparin, histamine, and serotonin?
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Mast cells & Basophils
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Periosteum is attached to bone by?
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Sharpey's fibers
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Which of the following cells secrete osteoid?
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osteoblasts
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Which type of ct. cells are important in wound healing due to generative capacity?
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mesenchymal cells
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Bone growth is always?
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appositional
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Bone made up of an irregular arrangement of spicules and trabeculae is?
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spongy bone
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Cells seen in high concentrations in infants that generate heat due to their numerous mitochondria are?
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brown fat
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Which of the following can form a "stroma" and are used as the fine support for lymphoid tissue?
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reticular fibers
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Which type of adipose is absent in adults, yet present in both newborns and mammals during hibernation?
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brown fat
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This dense regular connective tissue structure holds muscle to bone?
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tendon
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What type of collagen fiber is found in cartilage?
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Type II
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What can be found between dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage?
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fibrocartilage
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Fibronectin, chondronectin, laminin, and integrins are?
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glycoproteins
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What blood cell is intensely phagocytic?
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neutrophil
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Which of the 4 primary tissue types does blood belong to?
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connective tissue
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What leukocyte has a multi-lobed (3-5 lobules) nucleus?
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neutrophil
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What leukocyte has no granules and has a large, eccentrically placed, reniform nucleus?
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monocyte
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What type of ct. forms the periosteum, perichondrium & capsules around most organs?
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dense regular
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What cell makes bony matrix (osteoid)?
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osteoblast
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What vessels connect the marrow cavity to the vessels in the periosteum?
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volkmann's
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What bone cell is a part of the mononuclear phag. system and digests bone?
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osteoclasts
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What type of bone replaces pre-existing cartilage?
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endochondrial ossification
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What ct. fiber is strong and flexible but does not stretch & is white in fresh tissue?
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collagen
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Name the GAGs.
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Hyaluronic acid, dermatan SO4, Keratin SO4, heparin SO4, Chondroitin SO4
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What is the outermost layer of longitudinal ct. in vasculature?
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Tunica adventitia
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What vessel is yellow in fresh tissue, has elastic fibers, & functions in absorbing pulsation of blood?
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elastic arteries
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In which vessels would you see a prominent internal elastic lamina?
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Muscular arteries
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What causes T-lymphocytes to enter lymph nodes from the vasculature?
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high endothelial venules
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In which tunic is the vasa vasorum found?
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T. Adventitia
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What vascualture gets valves?
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heart, veins, and lymphatics
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What vessels collect tissue fluid and return it to the veins?
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lymphatic vessels
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What capillary type has tiny openings in the wall with one-way flaps of membrane covering them?
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fenestrated
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filiform papillae
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conical in rows on dorsum of tongue NO TASTE BUDS
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fungiform papillae
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mushroom shaped occur singly or in rows
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circumvallate papillae
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largest, at posterior dorsal surface (only 10-12 of them), surrounded by "moats"
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foliate papillae
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folds on posterior sides
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taste bud
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barrel shaped structure with 3 cell types
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taste bud neuroepithelium
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sensitive to ions in soln (signal to axon)
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supportive taste bud function
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sustentacular-nutritive support
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basal (stem) cells of taste buds
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become sustentacular (supportive taste buds)
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Salivary glands are...
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large, paired, exocrine, and have myoepithelial cells
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salivary glands make
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all come together to make: SALIVA, (water, glycoprotein, mucous, lysozyme, enzymes)
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what in saliva kills bacteria by destroying their cell wall
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lysozyme
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features of parotid gland
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largest, serous, "stenson's (parotid) duct"
|
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submandibular (submaxillary) gland features
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mixed serous and mucous-Wharton's duct
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sublingual gland features
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predominantly mucous
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