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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mesangial cells are ______ cells that are capable of ______
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modified SMC, phagocytosis
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Juxtaglomerular cells are _____ cells that are capable of releasing ______
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modified SMC, rennin
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Cells lining the _____, phagocytose ____ in the ______
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proximal convoluted tubules, large protein molecuoles, ultrafiltrate
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Podocytes constitute the __
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visceral layer of renal corpuscle
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Is the countercurrent multiplier system mediated by the active ion transport in the distal convoluted tubule
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no it is mediated by the active ion transport in the ascending limb of Loop of Henle
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can transitional epithelium absorb water and ions
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no it is impermeable
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where is the interlobular artery found
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between an arcuate artery and an afferent arteriole
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where does the medullary ray lie
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at center of a renal lobule
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what senses O2 conc and secretes EPO stimulating RBC production in response to low blood O2 conc
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endothelial cells in peritubular capillaries
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______ released from the adrenal gland stimulates the ____ ___ mostly in the ________
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aldosterone, Na+ reabsorption, distal convoluted tubule
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2 symptoms of prob w/ bile excretion
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jaundice and clay colored stools
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most likely explanation of bile excretion prob
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gallstones
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what can lead to gallstones
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metabolized fat during rapid weight loss causing liver to secrete extra cholesterol into bile, also- fasting decreases gallbladder activity causing concentration of bile
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what do kupffer cells phagocytose in the liver
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erythrocytes
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Hepatocytes secrete_____, store _____ and _____ and produce _____
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bile, glycogen & fat, plasma proteins
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What releases insulin
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islet of Langerhans beta cells
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What does insulin do
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trigger hepatocytes to take up glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen
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What does pancreatic acini secrete
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variety of digestive enzymes
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What are pituicytes
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supportive cells in the pars nervosa of the pituitary
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What releases glucagon
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islet of langerhans alpha cells
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What does glucagon do
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triggers release of glucose from glycogen stored in hepatocytes
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What are the walls of bile canaliculi made of
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adjacent hepatocytes sealed by zonulae occludens
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what are liver sinusoids lined by
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discontinuous endothelium
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what are brain capillaries lined by
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continuous endothelial cells joined by zonulae occludens
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what do liver lobules emphasize
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metabolic fxns of the liver
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what does the portal lobule emphasize
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exocrine fxn of liver
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what does the liver acinus emphasize
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liver damage zones
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what makes up the portal triad
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hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct
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the walls of lymphatic vessels are ____ and do not contain _______
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thin, internal elastic membrane
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Lymphatic vessels transport _____ but not ____
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white not red blood cells
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Blood and Lymph Vessels DO NOT contain:
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concentric muscle layers in the adventitia
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blood ____ flows through the ______ endothelium of the liver ____ into the _____
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plasma, sinusoids, space of disse
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what contains bile
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bile caniliculi and hepatic ducts
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what contains pancreatic enzymes
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pancreatic acini, intercalated ducts and interlobar ducts
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aloholism commonly damages ____
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hepatocytes
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loss of islet of langerhans beta cells causes what
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type I diabetes
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space of disse contains _____
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plasma
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bile canliculi and ____ sinuses contain _____
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Rokitansky-Aschoff, bile
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are enteroendocrine cells involved in maintaing blood glucose levels
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yes
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____ is important in the emulsification of fat
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bile
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bile emulsifies fat what is then transported as _____ by _____ into the _____ where they are converted to ______ which are transported by _____ into ______
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micelles, endocytosis, enterocytes, chylomycrons, exocytosis, lacteals (lymphatic vessels)
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Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are ____ of the gall bladder ______
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diverticulae, mucosa
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Hepatocytes are ____ploid
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polyploid
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are hepatocytes phagocytic
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no
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In the liver, blood flows from the _____ through the _____ to the _____
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portal vein, sinusoids, central vein
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Pancreatic acinar cells release enzymes that help digest ____, ____ and _____
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proteins, lipids and carbs
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Heptocytes are involved in the _____ of ___, ___ and ____
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metabolism, proteins, lipids, carbs
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what do hepatocytes store
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carbs and fats and glucose (glycogen)
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what do heptocytes produce
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lipoproteins and plasma proteins and bile
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what eliminated bilirubin
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bile
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In respiratory pathways, _____ are responsible for the clearance of particulates less than 2 microns in diameter
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alveolar macrophages
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the population of ____ cells serves as the source of stem cells for the life-long replacement of ___ and their supporting _____ in the olfactory epithelium
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basal, olfactory receptor neurons, sustentacular cells
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Premature infants w/ difficulty breathing after 30 but b4 35 weeks gestation prob have this prob
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lack of competent secretions released by the Type II pneumocytes
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There are more Clara cells in the ____ than the ____
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bronchioles, bronchus
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are there glands in the true vocal fold
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no
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are there glands in the false (ventricular) fold
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yes-mixed
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Secretions of _____ serve as a trap and solvent for the odorous substances
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Bowman's glands
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where are the olfactory receptor molecules locates
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membranes of non-motile cilia
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how many non-motile cilica may originate from each olfactory vesicle
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6-20
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___ secretions from Bowman's gland wash away _____
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serous, odorants
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the type II pheunomcytes covers __-__% of the ____ surface, divides to replace damages ____ & ___ and is bound to adjacent cells by _______
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4-5%, alveolar surface, Type I and II pneumocytes, occluding (tight) jxns
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Describe one reason for chronic cough in heavy smokers
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metaplasia of resp. epithelium where ciliated cells are replaced w/ goblet cells
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Nasal cavity divided in 2 by _____. EAch passage is highly _____ b/c of 3 projections __________, which are covered w/ a richly _____ respiratory _____.
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nasal septum, convoluted, turbinates, vascularized, mucosa
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why is the resultant pathway and its mucosa important
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it facilitates filtration of particles between 10-15microns, enhances thermoregulation, prevents desiccation on alternate sides of the nasal septum, helps trap gaseous impurities
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Is the epiglottis required to prevent food from passing through the larynx during swallowing
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no
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in several lower resp passages (trachea, bronchi and larger bronchioles) protection from foreign elements depend on _____, ____, ______ and _____
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mucociliary escalator, apical tight jxns between superficial epithelium, thick basement membrane, leukocytes in lamina propria
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Metaplasia of the resp. epithelium is the replacement of one type of differentiated epithelium by another as a result of ________
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stem cell production
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chronic resp. distress since birth, may be infertile w/ limited sperm mobility. Why?
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nonfunctional (nonmotile) cilia caused by the lack of dynein side arms
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Alveolar fxns to ______ the adhesion between adjacent _____molecules and the ________
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DECREASE, water, air-epithelium interface
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what is part of the reason for wheezing sounds and breathing difficulties during exhalation for ppl w/ asthma
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absense of cartilage and excessive tonus of bronchiolar smooth muscle
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why do receptor neurons and their supportive cells in the olfactory epithelium undergo a life-long renewal
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the epithelium contains a stem (progenitor) population
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Lack of of _____ in premature infants causes Resp. Distress Syndrome (____)
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pulmonary surfactant, hyaline membrane disease
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how id resp distress syndrome caused
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lack of surfactant- surfactant lowers surface tension, stabilizes alveolar diameters (prevents collapse), entraps and inactivates bacteria and prevents dehydration and provide enviro for alveolar macrophages
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does surfactant block SMC contraction
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no
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which is more numerous, Type I or II pneumocytes
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Type II
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when alveolus type II cells undergo mitosis to regenerate more of themselves as well as _____.
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type I pneumocytes
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type II cells release _____ containing ______ which is formed w/in _____
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surfactant, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, lamellar bodies (cytosomes)
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is the type II cell the primary site for gaseous exchange
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no
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olfaction receptor on 9+0 cilia originate from the _______ on the ______ of the _____
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olfactory vesicle, dendrite, olfactory receptor neurons
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_____ serve as a major defense against infection in the alveolus, they are frequent w/in airways of ____
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great alveolar macrophages, alveolar sacs
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where else do great alveolar macrophages appear
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interalveolar septa
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purpose of high level of mobility of great alveolar macrophages
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move between the septum and airway
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are great alveolar macrophages part of the macrophage system
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yes
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do great alveolar macrophages originate from clara cells
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no
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what is the superficial fluid layer formed by
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resp epithelium and underlying mixed mucoserous glands
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fxns of superficial fluid layer
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antibacterial activity, traps particulates, prevents dehydration of underlying epithelium
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the superficial fluid layer is biphasic what does this mean
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serous and mucous layers
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the superficial fluid layer facilitates the actions of the ________
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mucociliary esclator
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the fluid over the olfactory epithelium in is contrast is _____ and ____
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monophasic, serous
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what does protection from foreign elements in the trachea and primary bronchi come from
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apical tight jxns between epithelial cels, basement membrane, mucociliary escalaot and BALt (lymphocytes)
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characteristic frequency of cells found in interalveolar septum (from most to least)
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endothelial cells >type II pneumocytes > alveolar macrophages > type I pneumonocytes
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____ cells generally increase in # as ____ and ____ cells decrease
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clara cells, goblet and ciliated cells
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clara cells are rare in ____ and increase in # in _______
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bronchi, bronchioles
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______ cover 95% of alveolar surface, are bound to adjacent cells by _____ and comprise less then _____ of alveolar pop. Their dist. of organelles facilitates ____. When damaged they are replaced by ________
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Type I pneumocytes, occluding (tight) jxns, 10%, efficient diffusion, type II pneumonocytes
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can type I pneumonocytes regenerate
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no
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Are goblet cells in olfactory epithelium
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no
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where are great alveolar macrophages found
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in alveoli and thick regions of the interalveolar wall
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origin of great alveolar machrophages
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monocyte- major line of defense against particulates
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great alveolar macrophages have ____ life spans, remaining in the _____ indefinitely or slowly moving toward the _____ when they are carried to the ______ for removal
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very long, interalveolar septum, mucociliary escalaotyr, pharynx
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what are pulmonary surfactant produced by
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Type II pneumonocytes
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when are do the type II cells become compentent in infants
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7 months
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what do basal olfactory epithelial cels regenerate
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more basal cells, sustentacular cells and bipolar olfactory neurons
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clara cells increase in # as as they get closer to the _____
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respiratory bronchioles
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clara cells have a ___ regenerative capacity and can generate _____
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high, ciliated epithelial cells
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are clara cells in alveolar walls
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no
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differences in true and false vocal folds
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false (glands, more likely covered by resp epithelium, only a few patches of strat. squamous epithelium, no muscle).... true-(striated muscle, may be partially covered w/ strat. squamous epithelium)
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Glands in the ______ of the respiratory airways produce 90% of the surface fluids and are ____; producing a ______ secretion
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submucosa, mixed, biphasic
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the _______ phase covers the cilia allowing for ciliary action
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less viscous serous phase
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the _____ phase hydroplanes on top of the ____ and becomes a moving stick band of _____ directed toward the ____
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more viscous superficial, cilia, mucous, pharynx
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can type II pneumocytes generate type I cells
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yes!
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which cells in the adrenal gland have obvious lipid droplets
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zona fasciculate
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endocrine cells in the pituitary receive chemical info from the _______ nuclei by way of the _________ system
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hypothalamic nuclei, hypophyseal portal system
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_____ cells in the parathyroid gland secrete _____ in response to ____ blood calcium levels
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chief cells, PTH, low
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______ cells in the thyroid secrete calcitonin which stimulate _____ activity and decrease blood calcium levels
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parafollicular cells, osteoblast
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endocrine cells that process and secrete steroids have extensive _____, ____ and _______
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SER, mitochondria, lipid droplets
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axon terminals in the pars nervosa are from cell bodies w/in the _____ and _______ nucleus
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supraoptic, paraventricular
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tumors that disrupt the fxn or secretion of melatonin from _____ can result in ______
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pinealocytes, early puberty
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what stimulates ADH release
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increase in osmolality or decrease in blood volume
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______ secrete TSH in response to stimulation by ____ and are inhibited by cirulcating _________
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thyrotropes, TRH, thyroid hormone
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what are the primary endocrine cells in the pineal gland and what do they secrete
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pinealocytes, melatonin
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Parathyroid hormone promotes calcium ____ from bones, _____ kidney____ of _____, increases ______ excretion and increases ______ absorption of ______
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resorption, decrease excretion calcium, urinary phosphate excretion, intestinal calcium
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cells in the adrenal cortex produce _____ which are NOT stored in ___. Cells in the adrenal medulla produce ___ that ARE stored in ______ in their ____
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steroid, secretory vesicles. amino-acid derivitives, secretory vesicles, cytoplasm
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____ cells in the thyroid gland appear to change their morphology due to changing ______. During inactivity, colloid material _____ and causes follicular cells to have a _____ appearance
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follicular, amouns of colloid material., accumulates, low columnar
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during high levels of activity, colloid material is ____ and follicular cells appear as ______ epithelium
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depleted, tall, columnar
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thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is released from neurons w/ cell bodies in the ______ in response to decreased levels of ___ & ___
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hypothalamus, T3, T4
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TRH stimulates the release of _____ from _____ located w/ the _____
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TSH, thyrotropes, adenohypophysis
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TSH stimulates colloid_____ and secretion of ____ from _____ in the _____
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resoprtion, thyroid hormones, follicular cells, thyroid gland
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If blood levels of thyroid hormone are low, the ______ discharges _____ into the ________ system and stimulates synthesis and secretion of ____
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hypothalamus, TRH, hypothalamohypophyseal portal system, TSH
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ACTH is produced in and secreted from ____ ____ and stimulates synthesis and secretion of ____ and ____ by the _____ and _____ of the _____
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pituitary corticotropes, glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids, zona fasciulata, zonareticularis, adrenal cortex
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TRH is produced by neurons w/ cell bodies w/in the _____, ____ and ____ nuclei of the hypothalmus
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ventromedial, dorsal, paraventricular
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TRH is secreted into the __________ in response to low circulating levels of _______
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hypothalamohypophlseal portal system, thyroid hormone
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_____ cells in the parathyroid gland secrete PTH in response to low levels of ____ ____
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principle (chief) cells, serum calcium
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Secretion of melatonin from ___ in the ___ is regulated in a ___ manner w/ ___ levels at night and ___ levels at day
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pinealocytes, pineal gland, circadian, high at night, low at day
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Pars Nervosa has axon terminals of ____ and ____ containing neurons whose cells bodies are located w/in the _____ and ____ nuclei of the hypothalamus
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oxytocin, ADH supraoptic and paraventricular
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Do sertoli cells secrete testosterone
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no
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Path of sperm/spermatazoa from straight tubule
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straight tubule, rete testis, ductus epididymus, ejaculatory ducts, urethra
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what are mature sperm stored prior to ejaculation
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tail region of ductus epididymus
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Contributions to penile erection: __________ stimulation of _____, dilation of ______, _____ release of NO, pooling of blood in ______
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parasympathetic stimulation of penile arteries, dilation of penile arteries, endothelial cell release of NO, pooling of blood in cavernous spaces
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Purpose of bulbourethral glands
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release preseminal fluid that lubricates the penile urethra prior to ejaculation
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What part of the sperm contains coiled mitochondria
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middle piece
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where does decapacitation occur
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epididymus (all regions)
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sertoli cells respond to ______ and are an integral part of the ______
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testosterone, blood-testes barrier
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the middle piece of the sperm tail contains the _____
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sheath of spiral mitochondria
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Purpose of glands of Littre
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secrete mucus to protect the penile urethra from urine
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what seccretes testosterone
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leydig cells
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Sperm pathway
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seminiferous tubule, straight tubule, rete testes, efferent duct, epididymus, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
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the _____ phase of spermiogenesis is assoc w/ the formation of the ____ and the migration of the ______ to the ________
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golgi, acrosomal vesicle, centrioles, posterior pole
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During oogenesis the ___ meiotic division occurs late in the fetal period; the oocytes are arrested in ____ of the ____ meiotic division until ____ occurs
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1st, prophase, 1st ovulation
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Oocytes completes the 1 meiotic division at _____ and are arrested in ____ of the 2nd meiotic division
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ovulation, metaphase
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When is the second meiotic division completed
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if oocyte is fertilized
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what is menarche
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initiation of menstrual cycle
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a Graafian follicle (or any follicle) contains how many oocytes
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1
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in the _____ follicle the oocyte will complete the 1st meitic division to become a secondary oocyte
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graafian
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Fertility drugs, or appropriate hormones, increase the # of ____ that reach the _____ stage
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follicles, Graffian
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the ____ surge induces ovulation
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LH
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what does acrosome reaction allow
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sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida
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what is the corpus luteum maintained by
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luteotropins secreted by the ovary
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In the uterus the ______ is thick and the _____ layer is highly vascular and is know as the ______
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myometrium, middle, stratum vasculare
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Suckling stimulates the release of ____ which causes contraction of _____ and milk ____
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oxytocin, myoepithelial, milk ejection
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involution of the mammary gland following menopause is due to replacement of _____ by _____
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alveoli by adipose tissue
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secondary follicles contain _____ oocytes
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primary oocytes
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secondary oocytes are fertilized where
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ampulla
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when do oogonia undergo mitosis in the ovary
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early in fetal life
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The _____ layer in ______ ( and ___) lfollicles is avascular
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granulosa, secondary and primary
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_____ increases secretion from non-ciliated cells of the uterine tube
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progesterone
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the release of enzymes from the sperm ____ occurs prior to the entrance of a sperm into the ____ during _____
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acrosome, oocyte, fertilization
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_____ are mucus-filled cycts resulting from the obstruction of the lumen of _______
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Nabothian cysts, cervical glands
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A secondary follicle contains an oocyte arrested at ____ of the ___ meitoic division, produces _____ has an avascular ____ layer, and has an antrum filled w/ __
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prophase, 1st, estrogen, granulosa, liquor folliculi
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Only the _____ layer of the endometrium undergoes cyclic ____ and ___ during the menstrual cycle
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functionalis, proliferation and degeneration,
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the nipple of the mammary gland contains _____; milk ejection is a result of _____ release
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smooth muscle, oxytocin
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____ and ____ undergo meiosis
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primary oocytes and spermatocytes
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do sertoli cells divide
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no
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___ spermatogonia undergo mitosis
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Type A
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normal sperm production occurs at what temp
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2 degrees below body temp
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both _____ and _____ of the _____ send processes out to communicate w/ each other
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oocytes, granulosa cels, corona radiata
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The ____ is not an impenetrable barrier between the occyte and cells of the corona radiata
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zona pellucida
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Fertilization normally occurs in the _____ that has extensive ______
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ampulla, mucosal folds
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____ increases the number of ___ cells in the oviduct epithelium
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progesterone, peg cells
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do peg cells secrete prolactin
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no
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where does reabsorption of MOST of the fluid secreted in the seminiferous tubule occur
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efferent duct
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secretion from the _____ are rich in fructose
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seminal vesicle
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the _____ serves as a reservoir for mature sperm
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tail of the epididymis
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secretions from the _____ lubricate the penile urethra prior to ejaculation
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bulbourethral gland
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contraction of the smooth muscle of the _______ contributes to ovulation
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theca externa
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Does the tunica albuginea have smooth muscle
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no
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what is the dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the ovary
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tunica albuginea
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does the ovary have smooth muscle
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no
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spermiogenesis occurs following ____ and results in ____ that are no longer ____ to each other
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meiosis, spermatids, attached
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One of the fxns of the sertoli cells is to maintain the ______
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blood-testis barrier
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adding glycoproteins to the glycocalyx of the sperm plasma membrane is known as ________
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decapacitation
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decapacitation and acquiring motility occurs where
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ductus epididymus
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meiosis produces cells w/ the _____ # of chromosomes
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haploid
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is apoptosis random
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no
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cells are programmed to undergo _____ at specific times in development
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apoptosis
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______ attach similar cells to each other, participate in the formation of ______ between tissues and guide the _____ of cells
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cadherins, boundaries, migration
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_______ secretions are partly responsible for lubricating the vaginal canal
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cervical
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does the vagina have glands
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no
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