Histo: Female Reproductive

Front 1

Ovary

Back 1

1. germinal epithelium: cuboidal epithelium
2. ovarian follicle: contrains oocytes in ovarina cortex, beneath germinal epithelium nad tunica albuginea.
3. medulla: rich vascular bed wtih vessels that enter at hilus which estrogen/progesterone enter systemic circulation.

Front 2

Ovary: Preovulatory follicles
Stages, structures, functions

Back 2

Pituitary FSH promote differentiation of primordial follicles

Stages:

1. primordial follicles: small oocytes at ovarin surface invested by simple squamous epithelial cells
2. primary follicles: oocytes surround b unilarminar or multilaminar of cuboidal cells
(granulosa cells).
3. secondary follicles: follicular fluid accumulate between granulosa cells; thecal cells (stromal cells) form layer in perimeter of follicle.

4. tertiary follices
(a) antral cavity of fluid klled spaces wtih granulosa cells in layers at perimeter.
(b) zona pelucida surrounded by granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus)
(c) theca interna : vascularized layer of endocrine cells
(d) theca external: flattened stromal cells
5. Mature graafian follicles: bulge from ovarian surface for ovulation.

Functions:
1. produce estrogens support oocyte maturation
(a) theca interna produces androgenic steroid, granulosa cells take is up and converted it to estrogen.
(b) estrogen released in systemic circulation via capillaries in theca

Front 3

Follicular Atresia

Back 3

1. only one follicle matures, other regress/involute (atresia)
2. empty eosinophilic remnant of zona pellucida of atretic follicels
3. atresia t tertiary stages -> sloughing of granulosa cells into antral cavity and oocyte degeneration.

Front 4

Postovulatory follicles: corpus luteum

Back 4

1. Midcycle LH surge -> ovulation and discharge of egg from follicle -> tiny hemorrhage into follicle -> corpus luteum
(a) capillaries invade antral cavity from theca interna and fill sapce -> solid grwoing vascularized cell mass
(b) granulosa cells => granulosa lutein cells
(c) theca interna cells -> theca lutein cells.

2. Corpus luteum Function:
(a) postovulatory endorine organ produces pogesteron to maintain uterine endometrium in its secretory phase)
(b) negative feedback on pituitary LH production reduces LH levesl until endometrium collapse and enter ischemic phase before menstruation.

Front 5

Fate of corpus luteum depends on pregnancy or not.

Back 5

1. corpus luteum involutes into acellular collagenous scar -> corpus albicans
2. fertilization: copus luteum sustaned by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) from trophblasts of developing placenta -> corpus luteum of pregnancy (maintina placenta during 1st trimester) ->
3. after 1st trimester, placenta is a endocrine organ for maintaining itself by producing HCG, estrogen, progesterone, placental lactogenic hormone etc

Front 6

Meiosis in Follicle development
p. 217.

Back 6

1. Primorial germ cells, in prophase f meiosis until LH surge for ovulation
(a) primary and secondary follicesl all in prophase of meiosis
(b) secondary follicle contains a primary oocyte NOT secondary oocyte.
2. Secondary oocyte in metaphase II after ovulation and trip down oviduct until fertilization.
3. polar bodies: shed after each meiotic division to convser cytplams, organelles, nutritive yolk protein for just one egg
(a) first polar body is produce as primary oocyte -> secondary ooctye + PB
(b) second polar body is produce as secondary oocyte -> embryo + PB
(c) trapped outside egg beneath zona pellucida

Front 7

Uterus layers and cycles

Back 7

1. myometrium: thick muscular wall with wall vessels
2. endometrium: uterine mucosa undergoes lots of changes during menstrual cycle.
(a) functional layer (stratum functionale): changes in thickness and appearance in 3 phases during uterine cycle.
(b) basal layer (stratum basale) residual layer following menstruation from which a new functional layer forms

1. menstrual phase: endometrium is thin, nonepithelialized, may be reduced to basal layer.

2. proliferative phase:
(a) endometrium is intermediate in thickness wtih simpel glands that are straight in profile and columnar epithelium
(b) preovulatory phase dependent on follicular estrogen.

3. secretory phase:
(a) endothelium is thickets with tortuous simple glands the glycogen-rich columnar epithelium, vascularized lamina propria infiltrated by spiral arteries (helicine arterioles) -> nutritive environment for implanation
(b) postovulatory phase dependent on progesterone produced by corpus luteum.

Front 8

Vagina, cervix & oviduct

Back 8

Vagina
1. fibromuscular wall, less muscle than uterus, non-keratinized stratified squmous epithelium
2. estrogen maintin high glycogen content and acidic pH to prevent infection (epithelial thinning or loss in poastmenopausal -> more infection)

Cervix
1. utero-vaginal junction with: sharp transitoin b/t columnar epithelium of uterus and mucous cerical gands and stratified squmous epithelium of vagina.
2. nabothian cysts: normal cystoid glands

Oviduct
1. elaborately infolded mucosa, ampulla (site of fertilization)
2. epithelium: ciliated simple columnar
3. cilary beat sperim upward or egg downward
4. infundibulum: ovarian end to sweep ovarian surface for egg
5. intramural oviduct: surrounded by uterine sm mm, simple channel
6. muscular wall: inner circular, outer longitudinal layers.

Front 9

Mammary Gland

Back 9

1. modified sweat gland open to surface of nipple by lactiferous ducts
2. inactive gland: non-descript with fat, fibrous tissue and duct of cuboidal.
3. active lactating:
(a) estrogen -> terminal regions of duct differentiate
(b) progesteron, porlactin, placental lactotropin -> alveolar cluster in secretory activity with ductal elements dialated with milk.

4. Production of nutrient-rich secretion in acinar cells
(a) synthesis of casein, principle milk protein
(b) lipid production
(c) package of secretory IgA -> passive immunity to newborn

5. Milk ejection: suckling reflex stimulate realase of oxytocin from post pituitary -> contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding secretory acini.

Front 10

Placenta

Back 10

1. support system for fetus: gas/nutrient/waste excange

2. endocrine ogan for maintenan of pregnacy

3. extraembryonic fetal tissue and epithelial surface develope from trophoblastic layer of embryo that invades the endometrium after implanatiaon of blastocyst.

4. cotyledons:
(a) modular unit of placental circulation, if left in mother -> post partum bleeding.
(b) villi: branch from major stem or anchoring villus
(c) intervillus space: contains maternal blood pumped in by spiral arteries of uterus

5. umbilical cord: 2 arteries, 1 vein and vein retins nutrified-oxygenated blood to fetus.

Front 11

bidrectional transport of products across trophblastic epithelium

Back 11

Bidrectional transport of products across trophblastic epithelium covering the villi with 2 layers:

(a) inner cytotrophoblast: gives rise to outer syncytial layer by cell fusion -> cells diminish in number and disappear as placenta reaches term.

(b) outer syncytiotrophoblast: fusion of cytotrophoblasts cells
(1) anatomical substrate for fetal maternal barrier
(2) source of placental hormones
(3) location of synthesis of other nutrients utilized by the embryo

Degenetating cellualr nodules of the syncytiotrophoblast (syncytial knots) and eosinophilic excrescences (fibrinoid) are degenerative changes that appear increasingly toward term.

Front 12

Maternal endometrum

Back 12

The basal plate at the plcental interface undergoes a decidual reaction typified by appearnace od decidual cells and eosinophilic fibrinoid material