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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What structures grow and fxn during the first half of the ovarian cycle, days 1-14?
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Follicles (called follicular stage)
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Graafian follicle: defn
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Mature follicle about to rupture to release oocyte
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What hormone regulates the follicular stage and from where is it released?
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Released from gonadotrophs in adenohypophysis |
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What is the corpus luteum?
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The wall/remainder of the ruptured follicle after the oocyte leaves.
It secretes progesterone and estrogen for about 12 days. |
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What structures grow and fxn during the second half of the ovarian cycle, after ovulation?
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Corpus luteum.
Called the luteal phase. |
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What hormone regulates the luteal stage and from where is it released?
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Luteinizing hormone (LH). Released from gonadotrophs in adenohypophysis.
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When is the endometrium thickest and why?
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Day 21 of luteal stage. This is when fertilization will occur.
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What are the two zones of the endometrium?
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the functional and basal zone. Only the functional zone responds to hormones to increase/decrease in size.
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What are the glands like in the uterus days 6-14?
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Narrow and straight. The functional zone of endometrium is building.
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When are the uterine glands widest/most secretory and spiral arteries most coiled?
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Day 21
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When does the corpus luteum stop producing estrogen/progesterone? What are implications?
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About day 26. Endometrium starts to collapse and die of ischemia.
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When do diploid spermatogonia begin to replicate by mitosis (as well as producing cells that will enter meiosis)?
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puberty
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When do oogonia divide mitotically?
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Before birth. NOT self-renewing.
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T/F At birth, no oogonia remain in ovary
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T. They've all entered meiosis I
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When is meiosis II completed in women?
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Only after fertilization
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What forms primary oocytes? During what point in life are they around?
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Oogonium that has started meiosis I is a primary oocyte (diploid).
before birth |
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What forms secondary oocytes? During what point in life are they around?
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The completion of meiosis I --> diploid 2ndary oocyte.
This is completed a few hours before ovulation |
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What happens when fertilization occurs?
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The secondary oocyte completes meiosis II --> haploid ovum + 2nd polar body. This is present only transiently while the sperm joins the haploid nucleus --> diploid zygote.
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What is the A) Exocrine and B) Endocrine function of ovary?
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A) production of oocyte
B) Release of estrogen and progesterone into blood |
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2 subdivisions of ovary
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medulla and cortex
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What are the stages of the ovarian follicle?
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Primordial
Primary -Unilaminar -Multilaminar Secondary Graafian/Mature |
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What is the Dense connective tissue beneath the epithelium of ovary?
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Tunica albuginea
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What are atretic follicles?
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degenerating follicle
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What is the corpus albicans?
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degenerating corpus luteum
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What part of ovary contains contains major blood vessels and nerve?
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Medulla
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Which follicle:
1. Contains the oocyte 2. Follicular cells form a simple squamous epithelium around the oocyte. 3. The only follicle present until puberty |
primordial follicle
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What's the difference between a primary unilaminar and multilaminar follicle?
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1. Primary unilaminar follicle – oocyte is surrounded by a simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium of follicle cells
2. Primary multilaminar follicle a. Oocyte surrounded by a stratified epithelium of follicle cells. b. Zona pellucida, formed by both the oocyte and adjacent follicular cells, is a thick glycoprotein band immediatelysurrounding the oocyte. c. Theca folliculi, a layer located outside the basement membrane of the follicular cells |
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What's the zona pellucida?
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Thick glycoprotein band surrounding oocyte
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What's the theca folliculi?
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a layer located outside the basement membrane of the
follicular cells Stromal (CT) cells outside the basement membrane of the follicular cells, differentiate to form theca interna and theca externa |
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Characteristics of secondary follicle?
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1. Oocyte and follicle increase in size. Spaces (antral spaces) develop between
follicle cells. 2. Antral spaces accumulate fluid and coalesce to form a single antrum. 3. Follicle cells, now called granulosal cells constitute the granulosa layer or stratum granulosum) surround the antrum. These cells convert androgens, produced in theca interna, into estrogen. 4. The cumulus oophorus is a hillock of granulosa cells in which the primary oocyte is embedded. The innermost layer of cumulus cells, immediately surrounding the oocyte, forms the corona radiata |
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What is the cumulus oophorus?
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a ring of granulosa cells in which the primary oocyte
is embedded. The innermost layer of cumulus cells, immediately surrounding the oocyte, forms the corona radiata. |
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What does the theca folliculi differentiate into? What are the characteristics of these layers?
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Theca interna, located outside the basement membrane of the follicular
cells, is composed of cells that secrete the steroid hormone, androgen. b. Theca externa outer later of connective tissue cells. |
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Which cells respond to LH and
secrete androgens which are modified (aromatized) by stratum granulosum cells to form estrogen? |
Theca interna
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What type of epithelium is the serosa covering the ovary?
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Simple cuboidal. Called "germinal" epithelium
Tunica albuginea is underneath this layer |
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Where do the smaller follicles reside in ovary? larger?
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Smaller are in external cortex; larger are in internal cortex
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At what point do the follicular cells change from simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium?
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When they change from primordial to primary unilaminar
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Wht marks transition into secondary follicle?
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When fluid filled spaced (antrum) appear
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When does the stratum granulosum appear and what is it?
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It's formed from the granulosal cells surrounding the antrum. They start being called this when it's a secondary follicle
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Primary oocyte remains arrested in phase _______ of the _____ meiotic division
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prophase; first.
It's entered, but not completed, Prophase I. |
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What goes with the oocyte during ovulation?
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The corona radiata (first layer of cells of the cumulus oophorus), as well as the cumulus oophorus
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Where is estrogen formed in follicle?
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In the granulosal layers. It's made from testosterone (which is made in theca interna stimulated by LH) that gets aromatized to estrogen.
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What stimulates the granulosum?
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FSH
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What happens to follicles that aren't ovulated?
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atresia/degeneration
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What comprises the main mass of the corpus luteum?
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Granulosa lutein cells
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What cells arise from the theca interna of the follicle, staining more intensely and are smaller?
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Theca lutein
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How do granulosa cells appear histologically?
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Large, light, frothy, indicating they're secreting lipid
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What are the two cell types of corpus luteum?
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Granulosa lutein (lighter, bigger, frothier), theca lutein (darker, smaller, around periphery)
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What are organelles characteristic of ALL steroid-secreting cells?
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Abundant SER, mitochondria with tubular cristae
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Meiosis I – _________ division
Meiosis II – _________ division |
Reductional; equational
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What causes the primary oocyte in the Graafian follicle to become a secondary oocyte?
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LH surge
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Structure of fallopian tube
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12 cm long tube interconnecting ovary and uterus; suspended by a mesentery; one end opens into
peritoneal cavity adjacent to ovary, the other joins the uterine cavity |
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Four segments of oviduct:
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1) Isthmus
2) Ampulla (where fertilization occurs) 3) Infundibulum 4) Intramural |
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Where in oviduct are ciliated cells most numerous? secretory?
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infundibulum; nearer uterus
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When are the ciliated and secretory cells of the oviduct most active?
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Since primary job of oviduct is to transport oocyte to site of fertilization, it is most active during ovulation. Stimulated by estrogen.
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What part of the oviduct contains fimbria and is responsible for enveloping the ovary for uptake of secondary oocyte?
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Infundibulum
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The oviduct is surrounded by a serosa and suspended from the broad ligament by ___________
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mesosalpinx
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What lines the oviductal mucosa of the the ampulla?
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Simple columnar
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What are peg cells?
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Secretory cells. Lack cilia.
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How can isthmus be differentiated from ampulla?
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Presence of more/thicker smooth muscle and fewer folds
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Parts of uterus:
Endometrium similar to __________; Myometrium similar to __________; Perimetrium similar to __________. |
Mucosa; muscularis externa; serosa/adventitia
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What type of epithelium in endometrium?
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Simple columnar and underlying lamina propria
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What determines what menstrual stage an endometrium pic represents?
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1) Thickness
2) Activity of endometrial glands 3) Prominence of coiled spiral arteries |
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How to distinguish basal zone of endometrium (the part that doesn't change during menstrual cycle)?
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It's darker.
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When does secretory phase of uterus begin?
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Day 14. Following ovulation when corpus luteum is secreting estrogen and progesterone
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Widely sacculated, saw-toothed glands are characteristic of which stage of uterus?
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Late secretory
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What causes endometrium to shrink?
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When corpus luteum stops releasing hormone
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What causes ischemia and degeneration of endometrium?
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The contraction and relaxation of the spiral arteries (called ischemic portion of secretory phase)
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When does the premenstrual/ischemic portion of the secretory phase occur?
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Days 26-28
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How to tell a slide of a uterus in menstrual phase?
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no epithelium; glands present at luminal surface; missing portions of functional zone
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The menstrual phase of uterine cycle overlaps the __________ phase of ovarian cycle
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follicular
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What are the portions of the cervix?
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Endo and ectocervix
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When does cervix reach peak activity?
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During mid-cycle. For max sperm transport.
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What is the internal os?
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The junction of the cervix with uterus (simple columnar)
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What is the external os?
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Cervix junction with stratified squamous epithelium in vagina.
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What lines endocervical canal?
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Simple columnar
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What are the plicae palmatae?
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palm shaped folds of cervix that extend from epithelium of endocervical canal and secrete mucus under influence of estrogen
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T/F Cervix participates in menstruation
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F
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What marks junction of simple columnar with stratified squamous epithelium in cervix?
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External os (aka squamocolumnar junction)
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T/F The position of external os changes with reproductive status of woman
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T
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Whats the main fxn of cervix?
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to produce alkalinizing secretions that nourish/help sperm get into uterus
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Epithelium of vagina
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Stratified squamous moist
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T/F Vagina has glands that secrete mucus
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False. It's lubricated by cervix
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What causes vaginal epithelium to increase in thickness and glycogen?
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Estrogen
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In a pregnant cycle what maintains the corpus luteum?
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Human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by the blastocyst
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Free portion of cervix, protrudes into the vagina
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Ectocervix
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What forms the placenta?
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Fetal/extraembryonic tissue (chorion) and maternal tissue (decidua)
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What makes up the chorionic plate?
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extraembryonic CT covered by trophoblast
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What makes up the trophoblast?
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Syncytiotrophoblast (multinucleated syncytium formed from the cytotrophoblast) and cytotrophoblast
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What are the chorionic villi?
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Form bulk of embryonic placenta, extend into intervillous space. Central core of CT covered by trophoblast
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What's the origin of the decidua?
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Decidual cells that have differentiated from stromal cells of the uterine endometrium a few days after implantation occurs.
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What hormones does placenta secrete?
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Progesterone (progestins), estrogens, placental lactogens, and chorionic gonadotropins (hCG)
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What's the intervillous space filled with?
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Maternal blood
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What's the placental interhemal barrier and what makes it up?
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Separates maternal and fetal blood supplies, which normally do not mix.
Beginning in the fetal capillary, this barrier consists of: - Capillary endothelial cell and its basement membrane - Fetal connective tissue of villus - Cytotrophoblast and its basement membrane - Syncytiotrophoblast |
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What's the path of placental blood flow from fetus to mother?
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Umbilical arteries travel from the fetus thru the umbilical cord to the placenta, carrying blood high in CO2 and low in O2. Umbilical arteries branch into capillaries in the chorionic villi.
Fetal veins coalesce from the capillaries anastomose to form the single umbilical vein that returns oxygenated blood to the conceptus |
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What's the path of placental blood flor from mother to fetus?
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Spiral arteries penetrate trophoblastic shell and spurt blood into intervillous spaces thereby bathing the villi. Branches of uterine veins carry blood away from intervillous spaces.
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What is right beside the maternal decidua?
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Cytotrophoblastic cells
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What is each villus composed of?
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Inner core of CT, Outer layer of syncytiotrophoblast, Inner/middle layer of cytotrophoblastic cells
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What synthesizes most of the placental hormones?
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syncytiotrophoblast
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How many umbilical arteries? Veins?
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2,1
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What type of gland is the functional lactation gland?
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compound tubulo-acinar gland
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T/F Each mammary gland has its own duct (lactiferous duct) and sinus
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T
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T/F mammary glands are modified sweat glands
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T
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What characterizes inactive breast tissue?
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1) Absence of acini
2) Greater proportion of interlobar CT than glandular tissue |
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Development and growth of _________ is regulated by estrogen
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Ducts/Tubules. Non-secretory
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Development and growth of _________ is regulated by progesterone
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Alveoli/Acini. Secretory.
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What role do myoepithelial cells play in milk production?
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They're specialized epithelial cells with contractile props, they wrap around alveoli and help aid ejecting of milk by contracting
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What happens in early to mid pregnancy to breast tissue?
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Increase in duct branching induced by estrogen, development of alveoli as evaginations from those ducts is induced by progesterone; CT becomes more cellular with increased numbers of plasma cells
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What happens in late pregnancy to breast tissue?
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Significant breast enlargement due to hypertrophy of alveolar cells; lumens of ducts and alveoli widen as secretory products accumulate
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What characterizes the lactation stage of breast?
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Large amount of glandular parenchyma; widely distended acini;
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How do breasts secrete protein?
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merocrine: packed in membrane-bound secretory besicles in golgi
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How do breasts secrete lipid?
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Apocrine: Lipid drops coalesce in apical cytoplasm and are released along with some membrane and surrounding cytoplasm
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Properties of colostrum
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Secreted immediately after birth
Protein rich High antibody titer (plasma cells in CT) |
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Properties of milk
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Increased lipid content over colostrum
Secretion starts several days after birth |
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Why doesn't milk production start during pregnancy?
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High levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy prevent milk production by blocking the action of prolactin
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What happens to the cytotrophoblast layer of cells in placenta as pregnancy progresses?
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It thins such that in the 3rd trimester it's not a complete sheet but an incomplete layer
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