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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe the endothelium of capillaries.
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Simple squamous epithelium
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What is the origin of the adenohyphysis?
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oral ectoderm
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What part of the pituitary is highly cellular?
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Adenohypophysis
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What cell types are located in the Pars Distalis? Which is most common?
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Acidophils(most common), basophils(2nd most common), chromophobes
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What hormones are produced by the acidophils?
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GH and prolactin
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What is the target of GH?
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epiphyseal plate
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What hormone causes milk production?
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Prolactin
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What are the basophilic cells? What hormones do they produce?
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Thyrotrophs(TSH), Gonadotrophs(LH, FSH), Corticolipotrophs(ACTH)
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What is the funtion of the chromophobes?
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involved in holding acidophil and basophil cell clusters together and contributes to structual organization; folliculo-stellate cells
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Approximately how much of each the pituitary does each part take up?
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Pars Distalis - 75%; Pars Nervosa - 25%, Pars Intermedia - 5%
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What do the epithelial lined lakes contain?
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Colloid
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Where is MSH produced?
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Pars Intermedia in the pituitary gland
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Axons in the pars nervosa originate where?
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In the hypothalamus.
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What are the glial-like cells in the pars nervosa called and what is there function? What is this collection of fibers called? Where do they originate?
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The pituicytes have a supportive function for the axons in the pars nervosa. Collection of axons is called the hypothalamohypophyseal tract. Originate from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.
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What two hormones travel through the hypothalamohypophyseal tract? What are their functions?
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oxytocin causes uterin contraction, vasopressin causes increased water absorption in the collecint tubules of the kidney.
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What is acromegaly?
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increased size of hands, feet and mandible due to increase in GH.
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Describe the cellular density of the pineal gland.
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Mostly cellular with some brain sands.
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What is the most abundant cell of the pineal gland called? What does It produce?
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Pinealocytes make melatonin.
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What are the pinealocytes responsive to? How do they respond and what is the overall effect?
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environmental light. Melatonin production is low in light phase and high in dark phase. Melatonin inhibits gonadal activity.
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What is the endocrine organ part of the Pancreas? What immediately surrounds them?
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The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans surrounded by reticular fibers and capillaries.
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What are the two types of cells in the pancreatic islets? What does each produce?
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Alpha cells produce glucagon and Beta cells produce insulin
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Does the Thyroid gland have a c.t. capsule?
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yes.
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What is contained within the thyroid follicles? What makes up the container?
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Colloid contained with in ring of follicular cells that rest on a basement membrane.
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What is between the thyroid follicles and makes up the lesser part of the thyroid?
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The c.t. w/ vessels and simple cuboidal epithelial Parafollicular cells
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what is produced by parafollicular cells and what do they do?
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calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels.
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What is colloid?
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glycoprotein that is made up mostly of thyroglobulin
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TSH causes what to enter the thyroid folicular cells? What does this ultimately produce?
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portions of the colloid enter the cells and produce thyroxin from thyroglobulin.
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What is the general function of the thyroid?
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regulates general body metabolism.
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what are the affects Hypothyroidism?
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delayed dental growth and mental development delay
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What are the affects of hyperthyroidism?
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can cause premature tooth eruption
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Is the parathyroid gland encapsulated?
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yes.
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What are the cell types in the parathyroid gland? What is the main cell type?
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Chief cells (main) and oxyphilic cells.
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What do the chief cells do and how?
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elevate blood calcium levels by production of parathyroid hormone
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Which cells of the parathyroid gland are associated with blood vessels? Which are filled with mitochondria?
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chief cells, oxyphilic cells
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What is calciferol?
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metabolite of vitamin D that lowers the blood calcium levels.
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What does hyperparathyroidism do?
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eliminates the Lamina dura aka bundle bone
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Is the adrenal gland completely encapsulated?
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yes.
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Where does ACTH act?
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adrenal cortex
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What is the level closest to the renal capsule called?
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Zona glomerulosa
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What is the level just inside the zona glomerulosa? Function?
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Zona fasiculata, cortisol production elevates blood SUGAR.
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What is the level just inside the zona glomerulosa? Function?
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Zona fasiculata, cortisol production elevates blood SUGAR.
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What does aldosterone act on? What hormone regulates its release?
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afferent arteriol cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, angiotensin
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What are the cell types of the zona fasciculata?
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Spongiocytes.
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Where are the cords and sinusoids located in the adrenal glands?
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in the zona fasciculata
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What are the functions of cortisol? What type of steroid hormone is this?
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elevate blood sugar and anti-inflammatory; glucocorticoid
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What kind of hormones are produced in the Zona reticularis?
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SEX hormones
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Adrenal medulla controls what basic response and through what hormones?
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STRESS, through norepinephrine and epinephrine
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Where are chromaffin cells located?
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in the adrenal medulla
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Classify the vessels in the zona glomerulosa.
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fenestrated capillaries
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what causes the release of renin, where is this sensed?
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fall in arteriol blood pressure as sensed by the the afferent arteriol cells in juxtaglomerulosa cells
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What occurs in the median eminence?
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median eminence contains capillary beds where the releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus are stored.
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hypothalamic regulatory factors regulare what?
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Only the pars distalis, not the pars nervosa or intermedia.
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The pineal gland is surrounded by ____? Pituitary?
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pia, not dura. Pituitary is surrounded by dura.
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