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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what do endocrine organs secrete and how do they do it
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hormoes directly into blood w/o ducts
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what is the parenchyma, stroma, capillary, and polarity of endocrine tissue
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parenchyma: epithelium
stroma: reticular capillary: fenestrated, type 2 polarity: secretions toward BV |
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endocrine organs secrete, and so must be what cell type
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epithelium
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name 3 classes of hormones
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1. Protein
2. AA 3. Steroids |
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What does a peptide/AA secreting cell look like at TEM
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RER
Golgi Vesicles at basal side (near BV) |
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what does a steroid secreting cell look like at TEM
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SER
visicular mito lipid drops no vesicles |
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how are protein hormones secreted?
steroid? |
proteins: regulated secretion, vesicles line up near BV
steroids: constitive, there are no vesicles, the hydrophobic steroids pass right on through the membrane **both require a stimulus to induce synthesis |
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whats the cool thing about feedback loops
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the product inhibits hormone synthesis
**the levels of either can be measured clinically |
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how does the endocrine fx of kidney, liver, pancreas, and gonads differ from the endocrine Fx of pineal, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal?
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Mixed endocrine/exocrine Fx: liver, kidney, gonads, pancreas
Classical endocrine: pineal, (para)thyroid, suprarenal, pituitary |
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what are the three ways we see endocrine tissue?
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1. classic endocrine, discrete endocrine
2. mixed: liver, pancreas, gonads, pancreas 3. DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine) cells scattered in lungs and GI |
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what is the little diverticulum off of the post side of the brain
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pineal gland
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what is the activity of the pineal gland related to?
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the light/dark cycle
**relates light intensity & duration to endocrine activity |
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what innervates the pineal gland? what tract does it follow
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post gang symp
retinohypothalamic tract: hv enters eye, info to suprachiasmic nucleus of hypothalamus, IML of thoracic spinal cord, ascend the chain to synapse on sup cervical gang, post synaptic enter pineal gland |
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what is the name of the secretory cell in the pineal gland, what is secreted characterize it
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pinealocyte secretes melatonin
dumbell shaped cell, lies close to capillary, vesicles with hormone near cap **has SNS synapsing on it |
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what is metatonin?
fx location cell that secretes it when is it secreted |
secreted by pinealocytes in pineal gland
sexual maturity, jet lag, SAD Fx in biorhythem, circadian cycle secreted in dark phase |
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what hormone is assoc with the cicardian cycle
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melatonin from pineal
secreted in dark cycle |
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what endocrine organ is associated with sexual maturity
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pineal, melatonin, light/dark cycle
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what is corpora arenacea
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brain sand, concretion in the pineal gland
**show up on X ray and help determine midline **super dark, distinct looking **minerilization of proteins, appear in childhood and increase with age |
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how is the pineal gland ID on x ray
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pineal concretions (corpora arenacea)
**also help ID pineal gland on H/E |
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whats another work for the hypothalamus
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hypophysis
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what does the pituitary sit in?
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sella turcica
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what structures are endangered by a pititary tumor?
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optic chiasm
**hypothalamus is above pituitary, thalamus is above hypothalamus |
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what is the adeno? is it associated with anything else
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its the anterior part of the pititary.
Its associated with the Neoro, the post portion |
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name the three parts of the adenohypophysis? what is the larger structure its a part of? what is it derived from
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ant pituitary
1. Pars distalis 2. Intermedias 3. pars tuberalis **derived from endoderm of oral cavity, rathkes pouch |
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what part of the pituitary is derived from oral cavity? neural tube?
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oral: adenohypophysis
neural: neurohypophysis |
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what is the anterior wall of the andenohypophysis called?
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pars distalis
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what part of the adenohypophysis contributes to the pititary stalk
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the pars tuberalis
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rathekes pouch is _________
it becomes the _______ which seperates ________ and ___________ of the __________ |
an outgrowth of oral cavity that becomes the adeno-
becomes Rathkes cleft and then remnant of Rath cleft pars distalis and pars intermedias |
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what distinguished the pars distalis, pars intermedias and pars tuberalis?
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the remnants of ranthkes cleft
**they are little colloid filled cysts |
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what is the histo term for post pit? what is it derived from
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neurohypophysis
**from neural tube, neuro ectoderm |
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does the ant pit or post pit disassociate from its embryo structure?
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the post (neuro) stays attached via hypothalamus (median eminance), the ant (adeno) disassociates from oral cavity and hangs on to post pit
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what are the three parts of the neurophyophysis? what is it derived from
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neural tube, neuroectoderm
1. infundibulim: part of pititary stalk 2. median eminence: connection to hypothalamus 3. Pars nervosa: the main part of it |
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what is the pit stalk made of?
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parts of both ant/post pit
1. Infundibulum: post pit 2. Pars tuberalis: ant pit |
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what is the main part of the ant pit that we are concerned with its fx?
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pars distalis
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what is secreted...
1. Pars distalis: 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. |
1. Pars Distalis:
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what are the cells in the ant pit that are functional?
3 main classifications with several examples how are they arranged? |
clumps (fx cells of post pit are fiberous)
1. Acidophiles somatotropes lactotropes 2. Basophiles corticotropes thyrotropes gonadotropes 3. chromophobes *in the pars distalis portion of the adeno ant pit |
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what do somatotropes secrete?
what endocrine organ are they in what category of cell |
GH
pars distalis of adeno acidophile |
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what cell is associated with acromegaly
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GH, somatotropes
hyperfunction |
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what tissue has its parynchema in clumps around reticular tissue and fenestrated capillary?
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ant pit
pars distalis |
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what are the two types of acidophiles in the pars distalis
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1. somatotropes: GH
2. Lacrotropes: prolactin |
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whats the dif btwn giantism and acromegaly
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Giantism: hyper fx of somatotropes secreting GF before growth plates close and kids are HUGE
Acromegaly: somatotropes secrete too much GH AFTER growth plates close and ppl have big heads |
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what is caused with hypofunction of somatotrops, what tissue
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somatotropes are in the ant pit (pars distalis) and secrete GH, when they are impaited you get pituitary dwarfism
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what tissue produces hormones that produce milk?
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ant pit (adeno) pars distalis
the acidophilic cell, lactotropes, secrete prolactin which stimulate milk |
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what hormone stimulates milk? what tissue, what is the embryo?
what hormone lets milk out? what tissue? what embryo |
prolactin secreted by lactrotropes in the ant pit (pars distalis), oral cavity endoderm
Oxytocin secreted by neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus into the post pit (pars nervosa), derived from neural ectoderm |
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how are somatotropes and lactotropes related
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both are acidophilic (stain red) in the ant pit
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name the basophiles in the pars distalis and what they secrete
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1. cotrticotropes: ACTH
2. Thyrotrpoes: TSH 3. Gonadotropes: FSH, LH |
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FLAT PEG: hormones of what endocrine organ. name the cells that secrete each
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1. FSH- gonadotropes
2. LH- gonadotropes 3. ACTH- corticotropes 4. TSH- thyrotropes 5. PROLACTIN- lactotropin 6. E 7. GH- somatotropin |
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what secreted ACTH, what organ, what is its target
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the basophiles of the pars distalis of the ant pit has corticotropes that sectrete ACTH, which acts on the adrenal cortex
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what secretes TSH, what organ, what is its target
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the basophiles of the pars distalis of the ant pit have thyrotropes that secrete TSH that acts on the thyroid
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where does thyroid stum hormone come from?
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the ant pit, pars distalis
secreted by thyrotropes |
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where does FSH and LH come from? where do they act
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Gonadotropes in the pars distalis of the ant pit secrete LH & FSH which act on the gonads
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what are chromotropes, where are they found
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they are degranulated chormophiles
clear cells in the pars distalis of ant pit **recall the clump like arrangement of acidophiles (somatotrapes and lactotropes) and basophiles (gonadotropes, thyrotropes, corticotropes) within the ant pit |
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what controls the release of hormones from the chromophiles of the adeno
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releasing factors secreted from hypothalamus
**AKA, somatatropes, lactotropes, corticotropes, thyrotropes, gonadotropes in the pars distalis much receive a release signal from hypothalamus **GH, prolactin, ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH all require releasing hormones |
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how does releasing factor reach the pititary
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the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus secrete releasing factor and send it to the ant pit via hypophyseal portal system of veins
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what does the hypophyseal portal system of veins connect? what things pass through
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connects hypothalamus and ant pit
1. releasing factors 2. 3. 4. 5. |
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what controls the release of releasing factors from the hypothalamus?
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the levels of circulating hormones in blood
FLAT P-G, the hormones that are released in response to release factors |
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what is the pattern of BF through adenohypophysis? start with superior hypophyseal a and end with circulation
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superior hypophyseal a --> primary cap (in pit stalk) --> hypophyseal PORTAL v (connect stalk to distalis) --> 2 capillary bed (in distalis) --> hypophyseal vv --> general circulation
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what carries releasing hormones from hypothalamus to ant pit
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the hypophyseal portal system
**axons bring RF from hypothalamus to primary capillary bed in the pit stalk |
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where do RF diffuse out of the vasculature, where do hormones enter the vasculature
**hypophyseal portal system |
RF: exit 2 capillary bed
Hormones: enter blood at 2 capillary and exit the ant pit via hypophyseal vv |
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what is the neurophyophysis? what does it look like generally compared to the pars distalis
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post pit derived from neural tube (neuroectoderm)
looks lighter and more fibrous |
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what is the main parf of the post pit? what connects post pit to pit stalk
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Main: pars nervosa
Stalk: infundibulum |
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what is the blood supply of the pars nervosa. how does this compare to the pars distalis
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Nervosa:
Inferior Hypophyseal A --> fenestrated capillary --> hypophyseal V --> general circulation **the pars distalis has blood enter from the superior hypophyseal A blood then passes through 2 capillary beds |
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where/what is the median eminance
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part of post pit (neurohypophysis) that is on the hypothalamus
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does the pars nervosa participate in the hypophyseal portal system
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nope
*hypophyseal portal system is for pars distalis. Sup A --> capillary --> hypo portal V --> capillary --> hypo vein **all for the pituitary gland |
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neurosecretory cells of the neurohypophysis arice from what nuclei where
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from Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus
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where is the hypothalamohypophyseal tract
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in the post pit
**connects the hypothalamus through the pit stalk into the pars nervosa **contains axons from supraoptic and paravertebral nuclei |
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where do the HHT axon terminals end
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at herring bodies in the pars nervosa, at the capillary bed
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wht is a herring body
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swelling of axon terminal from hypothalamus, in the pars nervosa (post pit, neurophyophysis)
*contain secretory vesicles with stored hromones (ADH, OXytocin) |
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what hormoes are made in hypothalamic neurosecretory cells but secreted in the pars nervosa
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ie, hormoes of post pit
1. Oxytocin: contract uterus, contract milk cells for milk let down 2. ADH: water reabsorption, decrease sweat, increase BP |
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hormones secreted in the pars nervosa were made where
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in the hypothalamus, neurosecretory cells
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when you look at a section of pars nervosa what do you see?
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fibrous:
axons herring bodies nuclei of pituicytes fenestrated capillary |
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what are pituicytes, where are they
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post pit, pars nervosa
NOT neurons DONT secrete hormones Glial cells See their nuclei in a section of pars nervosa |
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what is the Fx of oxytocin, where is it from
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contract uterus during birth
milk let down *from post pit, |
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what is the Fx of ADH, where is it from
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1. renal water reabs
2. decrease sweat 3. increase BP *released from post pit |
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axons are seen in pars nervosa with swellings called harring bodies, where are the cell bodies of htese neurons
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hypothalamus
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what hormones are in herring bodies
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ADH
Oxytocin |
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what hormones are sercreted by ant pit post?
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ANT:
FLAT P-G POST: ADH Oxytocin |
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what is the embryo of ant pit, post pit
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ANT:
from oral cavity endoderm POST: from neuroectoderm of neural tube |
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what does the histo of ant/post pit look like
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ANT:
clumps of red/blue chromophile cells, darker stain at low mag POST: fibrous looking, axons with herring bodies, neclei from piticytes, lighter at low mag **both ahve fenestrated capillaries and reticular tissue Post: |
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what does the thyroid look histo?
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low mag, super bubbly
high mag, cicles lined with epithelium and full of colloid |
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the secretions of what endocrine gland are regulated by hypothalamus/pititary (pars distalis) system
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adrenal glands
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what is the Fx of the thyroid
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growth
development |
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what does the thyroid secrete
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Thyroxine: T3 & T4
Calcitonin |
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what does T3/T4 do (5), who secretes it?
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secreted by thyroid
1. growth 2.cell differentiation 3.BMR 4. thermoregulation 5. develop nervous system |
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what does calcitonin do? who secretes it
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thyroid, parafolicular (clear) cells
removes Ca from blood it decreases osteoclast activity, it is released in response to increased Ca in blood |
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what hormone binds directly to osteoclasts? what hormone does not
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Binds Osteoclast: calcitonin
Doesnt bind osteoclast: PTH |
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what is secreted when blood ca is high, low,
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High: calcitonin to decrease osteoclast activity, from thyroid parafollicular cells
Low: PTH to increase osteoclast activity |
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what is the functional unit of the thyroid
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thyroid follicle: follicular cells & colloid
looks like a circle lined in epithelium **the taller the epithelium the more active, squamous epithelium is more storage **full of colloid |
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what are follicular cells?
what do they look like? What do they do? |
the epithelium that lines thyroid follicles
Look: apical surface faces colloid lumen basal surface at BL near BV cells joined by gap junctions Secrete prethyroglobulin (t3.T4 precursor) |
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what is thyroglobulin
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T3/T4 precursor secreted by follicular cells of thyroid follicle
stored extracellularly in colloid NO iodine |
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what is colloid
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its the stuff inside of thyroid follicles
its thyroglobulin (T3/4 precursor) its super important to have T3/4 so colloid is made ahead of time so synthesis is fast |
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what needs to happen B4 thyroid homone can be released
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thyroid releasing hormone from hypothalamus, acts on ant pit to release TSH, this goes to thyroid so T3/T4 can be made
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when TSH from the ant pit reaches the thyroid what happens
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TSH binds to flooicular cells
1. follicular cells become active (cuboidal) 2. get iodine to apical surface and pump it into colloid 3. Iodination of thyroglobulin occurs in colloid 4. endocytosis of iodinated thyroglobulin 5. thyro/iod is cleaved in lysosomes 6. Free T3/4 leave at basal sirface and enter capillarys to go to blood stream 7. Increase in T3/4 turns off hypothalamus |
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where is thyroglobulin iodinated
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in the colloid
**when TSH binds basal receptors on flooicular cells the cell puts iodine into the colloid, it then takes up iodinated thyroglubulin and cleaves the complex. at the basal membrane free T3/4 are released and enter blood stream |
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wht turns off the release of thyroid releasing factor
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T3/T4
releasing factor is from hypothalamus TSH from Ant pit T3/T4 from thyroid |
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what endocrine organ is altered in myxedema
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thyroid
hypothyroidism Cold slow metabolism (lethargy, slow thought/speech) Depression |
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what endocrine is altered in Graves disease
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HYPERthyroid
increased metabolism, weight loss nervous/anxious exopthalmous increase HR sweat lots |
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what are parafollicular cells
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the clear cells in the thyroid, next to follicular cells (thyroid follicle)
**secrete calcitonin in response to increased Ca |
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the fx of what thyroid cells are regulated by hypothalamus/.pit. are all cells of thyroid regulated like this
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Follicilar cells: relese T3/4 in response to release factor/TSH
Parafollicular cells: release calcitonin, regulated by Blood levels of Ca |
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what does the thyroid/parathyroid look like histologically
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Thyroid: bubbly, circle
Parathyroid: cellular, nuclei everywhere |
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are parathyroid glands important
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SUPER! essential for life
*they function to increase blood Ca (PTH causes osteoclast activity to increase) at least one needs to be saved in a thyroidectomy |
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what are the two cell types of the parathyroid
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1. cheif cells: secrete PTH
2. oxyphils: no known Fx |
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where are cheif cells and what are their Fx? what do they look like
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in the parathyroid, secrete PTH
**small, clumps of them, dark central nuclei |
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what are oxyphil cells, what do they do? what do they look like
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cells of parathyroid, no known Fx but help ID parathyroid
**reddish swirls/clumps with dark nuclei among more purple cells |
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what does hyperfunction of the parathyroid cause
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1. excessive PTH, lots of Ca in blood
**PTH increases blood calcium |
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what does hypofunction of the parathyroid cause?
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1. decreased PTH, cant mobilize Ca and Ca levels in the blood drop..
Exaggerated excitability of nervous system Incompatible with life!!! PTH increases blood calcium |
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what is the embryo orgin of the 2 pars of the adrenal gland
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Cortex: mesoderm
Medulla: neural crest |
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what part of the adrenal gland secretes steroid hormones?
regulation |
cortex
*reg by ACTH. hypothalamus/pitutary regulation |
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what part of the adrenal gland secretes catacholamines
*regulation? |
medulla: Epi, NE
*regulated by SNS |
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the cortex of the adrenal gland is derived of_______
secretes ___________ regulated ___________ |
mesoderm
steroid hormones hypothalamus/pituitary |
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the medulla of the adrenal gland is derived of ______
secretes ___________ regulated ____________ |
neural crest
catacholamines SNS |
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where is the subcapsular arterial plexus
what vessels origonate from it: |
plexus of A that enter the cortex of the adrenal gland
1. short cortical a: receive secretions from cortcal cells 2. long medullary a: supply medulla |
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is there a plexus of veins in the adrenal gland
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nope. all venous blood is collected in a central medularry veins that drains to suprarenal vein
**the arteriole system has a plexus: subcapsular into short cortical and long medullary |
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the adrenal cortex secretes ________ so it shoudl look like ____________
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steroid hormones
Cortical cells have: SER vesicular mito NO vesicles AT LM: pale cyto, arranged in swirls/cords |
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the adrenal cortex is divided into
1 2 3 |
1. Glomerulosa: salt
2. Fascicilata: sugar 3. Reticularis: sex |
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what is the zona glomerulosa? where is it? what does it look like? what does it secrete?
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top layer of adrenal cortex
salt swirly, dark balls secreted aldosterone, regulated by renin/angiotensin |
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what is the zona fasciculata. where is it? what does it look like? what does it secrete?
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second layer of adrenal cortex
sugar light staining, collumns of cells secretes glucocorticoids (regulated by hypo/ant pit) |
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what is the zona reticularis? where is it? what does it look like? what does it secrete?
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third layer of adrenal cortex (next to medulla)
dark clumps/cords of cells secreted androgens, regulated by ACTH (hypo/ant pit) |
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ACTH regulates the release of what? form where?
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1. glucocorticoids in fasciculata of adrenal cortex
2. androgens in the reticularis of adrenal cortex |
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where is aldosterone secreted?
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glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
**regulated by angiotensin/renin NOT hypothal/pit |
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where is glucocorticoids secreted? regulation?
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fasciculata of adrenal cortex
*ACTH regulates it, hypothalamus/pit |
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how are sectretions of the adrenal cortex regulated
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1. hypothalamus/ant pit: via ACTH for glucocorticoids, androgens
2. Renin/angiotensin for aldosterone |
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where are androgens secreted
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reticularis of adrenal cortex
*regulated by ACTH of hypo/pit path |
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what is the adrenal medulla derived from. what is this structre said to be?
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neural creat
sympathetic gang, bc it secretes NE and Epi |
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how are cells arranged in the adrenal medulla
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clumps
with fenestrated capilliaries |
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how can we tell we are in adrenal medulla if we look at a histo slide
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medullary veins
clump arrangement of cells next to fenestrated capilliaries |
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what are chromaffin cells
where? look? |
they are the secretory cells of the medulla. secrete NE/Epi
large round nucleus derived from neural crest lots of cytoplasmic granules SNS regulation |
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what stimulates chromaffin cells
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pregang SNS
**stimulates release of EPI/NE increase HR, BP, CO, bronchiole dilation, metabolic rate, blood glucose |
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what do NE and EPI do?
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increase BP, HR, CO, metabolic rate, glucose
stim by pregang SNS, released by chromaffin cells in medulla |
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what hormones are released by adrenal cortex, medulla
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cortes: steroid (glucocorticoids, aldosternone, androgen)
medulla: catacholamines (NE, EPI) |
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what is the regulation of adrenal cortex/medulla
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cortex: hypo/pit (glucocorticoids, androgens) and renen/angiotenisn (aldosterone)
Medulla: SNS |
