Histo Col3 Sem3 Part1 Liver,pancreas

Front 1

What’s the main function of pancreas?

Back 1

Produce digestive enzymes (in exocrine portion) and different of hormones in its endocrine portion (islets if Langerhans)

Front 2

What secretory granules do the acinar cells have?

Back 2

Zymogen (secretory) granules – membrane-bound; densely packed in apical region of pancreatic acinar cells.

Front 3

What do Zymogen granules contain?

Back 3

Enzymes & proenzymes packaged in Golgi-complex

Front 4

Receptors for acinar cells

Back 4

Receptors for cholecystokinin & acetylcholine.

Front 5

What forms the intercalated ducts?

Back 5

The initial intra-acinar portion of intercalated ducts is formed by centroacinar cells

Front 6

Where do the interlobular ducts empty?

Back 6

Into main (or accessory) pancreatic duct

Front 7

What exocrine substances does pancreas secrete?

Back 7

Enzyme-poor alkaline fluid AND digestive enzymes

Front 8

What releases enzyme-poor alkaline fluid + Stimulated by?

Back 8

Released by intercalated duct cells.
- Secretin (possibly in conjunction with acetylcholine)

Front 9

What’s the function of enzyme-poor alkaline-fluid?

Back 9

Neutralizes acidic chime as it enters duodenum

Front 10

What kind of digestive enzymes are secreted from Pancreas?

Back 10

Pancreatic amylase/lipase; ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease; proenzymes (trypsin/chymotrypsin(carboxypeptidase/elastase)

Front 11

Where are digestive enzymes synthesized & stored in pancreas?

Back 11

In pancreatic acinar cells

Front 12

Release of digestive enzymes is stimulated by?

Back 12

Cholecystokinin (known previously as pancreozymin)

Front 13

What are Islets of Langerhans?

Back 13

Vascularized clusters of endocrine cells. Surrounded by Reticular fibers

Front 14

What do islet cells produce?

Back 14

Several polypeptide hormones – but each cell type produces only one hormone

Front 15

What kind of Islet hormones are there?

Back 15

Glucagon/ insulin/ somatostatin/ gastrin/ pancreatic polypeptide

Front 16

What are the characteristics of glucagon?

Back 16

Produced by α-cells – elevates blood glucose level

Front 17

What are the characteristics of insulin?

Back 17

Produced by β-cells – decrease blood glucose level

Front 18

What produces somatostatin?

Back 18

By delta-cells

Front 19

What are the functions of somatostatin?

Back 19

Inhibits release of hormones by nearby secretory cells AND reduces motility of GI tract & gallbladder by decreasing contraction of their smooth muscle

Front 20

What are the characteristics of gastrin?

Back 20

Produced by G-cells – stimulates (in conjunction with histamine & acetylcholine) gastric HCl secretion

Front 21

What are the characteristics of pancreatic polypeptide?

Back 21

Produced by PP-cells – inhibits release of exocrine pancreatic secretions

Front 22

Liver is Composed of?

Back 22

Plates of hepatocytes that radiate from region of central vein toward periphery

Front 23

What does the portal areas (portal canals/portal triads) consist of?

Back 23

Slender branches of hepatic artery. Tributaries of portal vein. Interlobular bile ducts

Front 24

What are liver sinusoids?

Back 24

Sinusoidal capillaries that arise at periphery of lobule & run between adjacent plates of hepatocytes

Front 25

What are liver sinusoids lined by?

Back 25

By sinusoidal lining cells (endothelial cells)

Front 26

What are the characteristics of the sinusoidal lining cells?(liver)

Back 26

Have large discontinuities between them; display fenestrations; lack basal laminae

Front 27

What do liver sinusoids contain?

Back 27

Phagocytic cells (Kupffer cells)
- Remove debris; old erythrocytes and cellular fragments from bloodstream

Front 28

Where is space of Disse?

Back 28

Is subendothelial space between hepatocytes & sinusoidal lining cells

Front 29

What does this Disse space contain?

Back 29

Short microvilli of hepatocytes; reticular fibers; occasionally non-myelinated nerve fibers; fat-storing cells (Ito cells/perisinusoidal stellate cells)

Front 30

What’s the function of Ito cells?

Back 30

Store vitamin A

Front 31

What can Ito cells do when compromised?

Back 31

Divide, change phenotype and begin to synthsize collagen – leading to fibrosis

Front 32

What’s the function of space of Disse?

Back 32

Exchange of material between bloodstream, and hepatocytes

Front 33

Are hepatocytes in contact with bloodstream?

Back 33

No

Front 34

What is portal lobule?

Back 34

3 apices that are neighboring central veins & center in a

Front 35

How is the blood inflow directed in the liver?

Back 35

From portal triads at periphery of each classic liver lobule → central vein.

Front 36

How is the blood outflow directed in the liver?

Back 36

Via hepatic vein; formed by union of numerous sublobular veins – collect blood from central veins

Front 37

How is bile flow directed?

Back 37

Toward periphery – opposite to blood flow

Front 38

How is bile carried?

Back 38

In system of ducts that culminate in left/right hepatic duct; leave liver & carry bile to gallbladder

Front 39

What are bile canaliculi?

Back 39

Expanded intercellular spaces between adjacent hepatocytes that form tiny canals for initial bile flow

Front 40

What do canaliculi receive & carry?

Back 40

Receive lover’s exocrine secretion (bile); carry it to canals of Hering (bile ductules) at the very periphery of classic liver lobules.

Front 41

How many nucleus do Hepatocytes contain?

Back 41

Usually one round central nucleus; ~25% of cells are binucleated

Front 42

What does hepatocytes surfaces contain?

Back 42

Surfaces facing space of Disse possess mircovili

Front 43

Function of microvilli on Hepatocytes?

Back 43

Increasing surface area that facilitate transfer of materials (e.g. endocrine secretions) between hepatocytes and blood.

Front 44

What do abutting surfaces of adjacent hepatocytes face?

Back 44

Demarcate bile canaliculi

Front 45

By what is bile canaliculi sealed off from remaining intercellular space?

Back 45

Occluding junctions – located on each side of each canaliculus.

Front 46

What do abutting surfaces of adjacent hepatocytes contain?

Back 46

Microvilli that extend into bile canaliculus & gap junctions

Front 47

What are the functions of liver?

Back 47

Exocrine secretion, Endocrine secretion, Metabolites storage, Gluconeogenesis, Detoxification , IgA transfer

Front 48

What does exocrine secretion involve in liver?

Back 48

Production & release of bile (600 – 1200 mL per day)

Front 49

What is bile composed of?

Back 49

Bilirubin glucuronide (bile pigment); bile acids (bile salts); cholesterol; lecithin; phospholipids; ions; IgA; water

Front 50

What is bilirubin?

Back 50

Breakdown product of hemoglobin – converted into water-soluble bilirubin glucuronide (nontoxic compound) in SER of these hepatocytes

Front 51

What does endocrine secretion involve in liver?

Back 51

Production & relase of plasma proteins (prothrombin; fibrinogen; albumin; factor III; lipoproteins) and urea

Front 52

Into what form are metabolites stored in liver?

Back 52

Glycogen (stored glucose) and triglycerides (stored lipid)

Front 53

What is meant by gluconeogenesis?

Back 53

Conversion of aa & lipids into glucose

Front 54

What does detoxification mean + which enzymes

Back 54

Inactivation of drugs, noxious chemicals & toxins by enzymes -
Microsomal mixed-function oxidase system

Front 55

1. Glucagon is secreted by … cells of islets of Langerhans.
A. Alpha B. Beta C. Gamma D.
G E. PP

Back 55

A. Alpha

Front 56

2. Which of the following is FALSE about centroacinar cells of
pancreas?
TTT. Form the wall of intercalated duct.
UUU. Have the receptors for secretin.
VVV. They open directly to interlobular ducts.
WWW. Occupy the lumen of pancreatic acini.
XXX. They are low cuboidal cells.

Back 56

VVV. They open directly to interlobular ducts

Front 57

3. Which of the following increase reabsorption of water in
collecting ducts?
A. renin
B. oxytocin C. aldosterone
D. vasopressin E. insulin

Back 57

D. vasopressin

Front 58

4. Which of the following are permeable to water (in the absence of
ADH)?
1-collecting ducts, 2-proximal convoluted tubules, 3-thick part of
Henle’s loop, 4-thin part of Henle’s loop, 5-distal convoluted tubules
A. 1,2,3,4,5
B. 1,5
C. 1,2,3
D. 2,4
E.
3,4,5

Back 58

D. 2,4

Front 59

5. What is the correct order of vessels of renal circulation?
1-arcuate veins, 2-interlobar arteries, 3-interlobular arteries, 4-arteriole rectae, 5-venae rectae
A. 2,4,3,5,1 B. 3,2,4,1,5 C. 2,3,4,5,1
D.5,1,2,3,4 E. 1,2,3,4,5

Back 59

C. 2,3,4,5,1

Front 60

Release of pancreatic enzymes is effected by which hormone + is made where:

Back 60

cholecystokinin which is made In DNES cells in small intestine (mostly duodenum) + acetylcholine

Front 61

Intercalted duct is pancreas join and from what? + the stage after:

Back 61

They from intralobular duct which join to form interlobular duct

Front 62

Secretin do what + made where:

Back 62

Stimulate centroacinar cells and intercalated duct to release its fuli. Secretin is made by enteroendocrine cells(DNES) of the call instesine.

Front 63

Insulin act mainaly on

Back 63

Skeletal muscle, liver and adipose cells

Front 64

Glucagon act mainly on:

Back 64

Hepatocyte – causing these cell to active glycogenltic enzymes= glycogen -> glucose

Front 65

Gluconeogenesis is what:

Back 65

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources(ex. aminoacids) – stimulated by glucagon

Front 66

Liver “takes care” of all nutrients except:

Back 66

Chulomicrons and lipids below 12 carbons in length

Front 67

The lateral domain of the hepatocyte do what:

Back 67

formation of bile canaliculi

Front 68

The sinusoidal domain of the hepatocyte do what:

Back 68

From microvilli that protrude into the perisiinusodial space

Front 69

Bile canaliculi do what:

Back 69

Conduct bile between/within(?) hepatocytes to the periphery of the classical lobules

Front 70

bile canaliculus is what:

Back 70

a narrow space between two cell layers in the parenchymal plate

Front 71

Glycogenolysis is what:

Back 71

glycogen -> glucose

Front 72

PORTAL TRACT is what:

Back 72

is the area of fibrous connective tissue between 3 lobules.

Front 73

Portal tract contains:

Back 73

The portal triad

Front 74

Hepatic lobule is made of:

Back 74

single-cell plates of hepatocytes.

Front 75

The hepatocytes plates are separated by:

Back 75

hepatic sinusoids with walls composed of 3 cell types: endothelial, Kupffer and stellate (fat-storing) cells.

Front 76

Space of Disse or the perisinusoidal space contains:

Back 76

short microvilli of hepatocytes, processses of Ito cells(stellate cells), collagen t. III and IV, various proteoglycans and glycoproteins.

Protein concentration is 1/3 of that in blood serum.

Front 77

Classic hepatic lobule do what:

Back 77

Drains blood from the portal vein and the hepatic artery to the central vein

Front 78

portal lobule do what:

Back 78

Drains bile from the hepatocytes to the bile duct

Front 79

Portal acinus do what:

Back 79

Supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes

Front 80

Gall bladder concentrates the bile by:

Back 80

absorbing water and selected electrolytes

Front 81

The narrow lumen of pancreatic serous acinus is lined by:

Back 81

centroacinar cells that are continuous with the intercalated duct.

Front 82

Bile pathway:

Back 82

bile canaliculi -> bile ductules (canals of Hering) -> Bile ducts -> fuse to form the hepatic ducts

Front 83

2. Which of the following statements
concerning liver sinusoids is true?
(A) They are continuous with bile canaliculi.
(B) They are surrounded by a welldeveloped basal lamina.
(C) They are lined by nonfenestrated
endothelial cells.
(D) They deliver blood to the central vein.
(E) They deliver blood to the portal vein

Back 83

D. Liver sinusoids are lined by fenestrated endothelial cells, lack a basal lamina, and
deliver blood directly to the central vein (see Chapter 17 IV B 1 b).

Front 84

4. Which of the following statements
concerning the gallbladder is true?
(A) It synthesizes bile.
(B) It is lined by a simple columnar epithelium.
(C) Bile leaves the gallbladder via the common bile duct.
(D) It has no muscle cells in the walls.
(E) It is affected by the hormone secretin.

Back 84

B. The gallbladder is lined by a simple columnar epithelium (see Chapter 17 V).

Front 85

6. Acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas
secrete
(A) glucagon.
(B) lysozyme.
(C) insulin.
(D) plasma proteins.
(E) proteases.

Back 85

E. Several proteases are synthesized by pancreatic acinar cells and are delivered via the
pancreatic duct to the duodenum (see Chapter 17 III A 3).

Front 86

7. Pancreatic -cells secrete
(A) glucagon.
(B) lysozyme.
(C) insulin.
(D) plasma proteins.
(E) proteases.

Back 86

A. Glucagon is produced by -cells of the islets of Langerhans. They are the second most
abundant secretory cells of the endocrine pancreas (see Chapter 17 III B 3).

Front 87

8. Pancreatic -cells secrete
(A) glucagon.
(B) lysozyme.
(C) insulin.
(D) plasma proteins.
(E) proteases.

Back 87

C. Insulin is produced by pancreatic -cells, which are the most abundant cell type of the
islets of Langerhans (see Chapter 17 III B 3).

Front 88

9.Submandibular acinar cells secrete
(A) glucagon.
(B) lysozyme.
(C) insulin.
(D) plasma proteins.
(E) proteases.

Back 88

B. Lysozyme, an enzyme with antibacterial activity, is produced primarily by the
submandibular salivary gland acinar cells (see Chapter 17 II B 1).

Front 89

10. Hepatocytes secrete
(A) glucagon.
(B) lysozyme.
(C) insulin.
(D) plasma proteins.
(E) proteases.

Back 89

D. Hepatocytes synthesize several plasma proteins, including fibrinogen, prothrombin,
and albumin (see Chapter 17 IV E 2).

Front 90

1. Which of these describe acinar cells of pancreas?
1-acidophilic cytoplasm, 2-nucleus centrally located, 3-columanr, 4-well developed RER, 5-apical part filled with zymogen
granules
A. all of these are correct
B. none of these
C. only 1,2,3,5
D. only 3,4,5
E. only 4,5

Back 90

E. only 4,5

Front 91

2. Which of the following structures can be found at the center of a portal lobule?
1-lymph vessel, 2-bile ductile, 3-central vein, 4-branch of portal vein, 5-branch of hepatic artery
A. all of them
B. none of these
C. only 3
D. only 4,5
E. 1,2,4,5

Back 91

E. 1,2,4,5

Front 92

3. Find set with correct order of pancreatic duct system elements.
1- common bile, 2-interlobular, 3-intralobular, 4-main pancreatic, 5- intercalated duct
A. 1,2,3,4,5
B. 5,1,2,3,4
C. 5,3,2,4,1
D. 5,2,3,1,4
E. 5,3,2,1,4

Back 92

C. 5,3,2,4,1

Front 93

4. Which of the following statements is true about gallbladder?
A. The wall is comp osed of ep ithelium, lamina p rop ria, skeletal muscles and serosa.
B. The epithelium is columnar type with microvilli.
C. The lamina propria is rich in ly mphatic elements.
D. The muscularlay er is composed mostly of longitudinally oriented fibers.
E. The common bile duct attaches directly to gallbladder.

Back 93

B. The ep ithelium is columnar ty p e with microvilli.

Front 94

In which hepatocytes’ organelle detoxification does take place?
A. cy top lasm
B. SER and RER
C. GA and peroxisomes
D. SER and peroxisomes
E. mitochondria and SER

Back 94

D. SER and peroxisomes