Histo Col3 Sem2 Gi2

Front 1

Layers of the GI Tract Tube:

Back 1

Mucosa(most inner), Submucosa, Muscularis externa and Serosa/adventita – Mesothelium

Front 2

Mucosa consist of:

Back 2

a. epithelium b. lamina propria (loose CT)
c. muscularis mucosae (a thin layer of smooth muscle cells)

Front 3

Submucosa consists of:

Back 3

a. thick layer of loose CT
b. nerves (plexus) of parasympathetic NS
c. blood vessels d. small glands

Front 4

Muscularis externa consist of:

Back 4

a. a circular layer of smooth muscle cells
b. a longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells
c. an oblique layer of smooth muscle cells (stomach)

Front 5

Serosa/adventita – Mesothelium consist of:

Back 5

Peritoneum/serosa (smooth epithelial layer)

Front 6

Esophagogastric junction – epithelial changes in mucosa:

Back 6

From stratified squamous epithelium(esophagus ) to simple columnar epithelium invaginating as gastric pits

Front 7

Esophagogastric junction – glands + what do they secrete?

Back 7

mostly mucus – esophageal cardiac glands (ECG) and mucous cardiac glands (CG)

Front 8

characteristic features of the esophagus:

Back 8

– lined up by stratified, squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium
– Submucosal tubuloacinar glands contain mucous and serous cells
– transition between skeletal muscles and smooth muscles at lower 1/3 of its length

Front 9

Parts of gastric glands:

Back 9

Gastric pit,Isthmus,neck base of gland

Front 10

Which type of cells can be found in the isthmus of gastric gland:

Back 10

Parietal cells

Front 11

Which type of cells can be found in the neck of gastric gland:Neck mucous cells

Back 11

stem cells, parietal cells

Front 12

Which type of cells can be found in the Base of a gastric gland:Chief cells

Back 12

Parietal cells, neck mucous cells and neuroendocrine cells

Front 13

All mucous cells synthesize large amounts of + where + “stored where”:

Back 13

mucin in prominent Golgi stacks, and these glycoproteins are transported by vesicles to large apical mucous granules.

Front 14

Mucous neck cells and surface mucous cells contains different things:

Back 14

Mucous neck cells contain acidic glycoproteins, and surface mucous cells contain a neutral mucosubstance.

Front 15

muscularis externa in the stomach differs from that of other GI organs in that:

Back 15

it has 3 layers of smooth muscle instead of 2

Front 16

CHIEF (PEPTIC) CELL is xxxxphlic + why:

Back 16

strongly basophilic due to an abundant RER in the basal cell region

Front 17

CHIEF (PEPTIC) CELL produce:

Back 17

proenzymes: pepsinogen, prolipase, prorenin

Front 18

CHIEF (PEPTIC) CELL has Many secretory granules called what + located:

Back 18

zymogen granuleslocated in the apical cytoplasm release their contents by exocytosis.

Front 19

Apical membrane of CHIEF (PEPTIC) CELL has a few short:

Back 19

microvilli covered by a thin coating of glycoprotein or glycocalyx.

Front 20

Parietal cells are xxxxxphlic:

Back 20

eosiniophilic.

Front 21

Parietal cells - On stimulation what happens:

Back 21

a dense meshwork of intracellular canaliculi that contain a large number of elongated microvilli rapidly forms.

Front 22

Parietal cells what + how + how:

Back 22

production of H+ is due to carbonic anhydrase activity, secretion of H+ to proton pump and cl- to facilitated diffusion.

Front 23

Parietal cells has a lot of mitochondria – why:

Back 23

Acid secretion is an active transport process and requires significant amount of ATP provided by numerous mitochondria, which account for 30% to 40% of total cellular volume

Front 24

The pH of gastric acid is highly acidic (1-3) what enables the cleavage Of:

Back 24

the inactive proenzyme: pepsinogen, into the active peptidase, PEPSIN.

Front 25

Which cells cover entire lumenal surface of the stomach:

Back 25

Surface mucous cells – also line the gastric pits - replaced every 1 to 3 days.

Front 26

Surface mucous cells creates what:

Back 26

The protective gel - by secreting mucus and HCO3- to form a 100 um thick insoluble protective gel

Front 27

The protective gel in the stomach protects against:

Back 27

injury by acid, pepsin, ingested materials, and pathogens

Front 28

The protective gel in the stomach contains:

Back 28

95% water + 5% of mucins=glycoproteins

Front 29

GI hormones are secreted by:

Back 29

enteroendocrine cells (EEC)
aka DNES cells

Front 30

enteroendocrine cells (EEC) cells are scattered among:
aka DNES cells

Back 30

the epithelial cells of the mucosal lining of the gut.

Front 31

chyme=

Back 31

fluid content of gut

Front 32

DNES cells with an open morphology can sense the composition of:

Back 32

chyme and secretions of glands and epithelial cells since its apical membrane is in a direct contact with gland or gut lumen (eg. gastric G cells).

aka: Rach the lumen of the gut

Front 33

DNES cells with closed morphology facilitate sensing of the:

Back 33

interstitial environment. Eg. stomach’s D cells have long, slender processes that terminate on or near parietal and chief cells. These processes presumably mediate the paracrine effect of somatostatin.

aka: do not rach the lumen of the gut

Front 34

Structures that increase absorption surface in a small intestine:

Back 34

plicae circulares (made of submucosa),
villi (mucosa),
intestinal crypts and
microvilli (invaginations of cell membrane)

Front 35

Enterocyte are/do what:

Back 35

resorptive cells. Take up basic food components: simple sugars, amino acids, pyrymidines and purines, glycerol and fatty acis

Front 36

Peyer’s patches can be found where:

Back 36

antimesentric border of the ileum and

Front 37

Peyer’s patches are:

Back 37

aggregations of lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria

Front 38

Over the Peyer’s patches villi are present?

Back 38

in reduced numbers

Front 39

muscularis externa in the Stomach consist of:

Back 39

inner oblique layer + middle circular layer + outer longituditinal layer

Front 40

how are glands in Cardia

Back 40

Shallow, branched, glands, terminal portion frequently coiled

Front 41

how are glands in Fundus/body

Back 41

pit part of the gland is up to 1/3 depthof the whole gland, terminal portion straight

Front 42

how are glands in Pylorus

Back 42

pit part of the pyloric gland is up to 1/2 depth of the whole gland, terminal portion coiled

Front 43

The general structure of the duodenal wall is the same as in ileum - except for:

Back 43

the presence of duodenal,
submucosal gland (Brunner’s glands)

Front 44

Colonic mucosa has:

Back 44

no villi

Front 45

Large intestine characteristics:

Back 45

-no villi
-it is built by intestinal glands (crypts)
-the muscularis is very thick -its longitudinal layer forms taeniae coli -> 3 ribbon-like bands

Front 46

Large intestine has a large number of:

Back 46

lymphocytes (in mucosa),
goblet cells,
enterocytes (only on the apical side of the mucosal layer)

Front 47

appendix a significant part of:

Back 47

the MALT because The laminar propria and submucosa are generally filled with lymphocytes and lymphoid follicles

Front 48

Endocrine cells of gastric mucosa are characterized by:

Back 48

IHC based on their secretory granule contents

Front 49

Gastric endocrine cells - G cells – secrete:
DNES

Back 49

Gastrin - stimulates acid secreation

Front 50

Gastric endocrine cells - D cells – secrete:
DNES

Back 50

somatostatin - Inhbits release of hormoes by other DNES cells in the area

Front 51

Gastric endocrine cells - EG cells – secrete:
DNES

Back 51

enteroglucagon - more peristaltic movment

Front 52

Enterochromaffin like (ECL) cells secrete:
DNES

Back 52

histamine that stimulate gastric acid secretion

Front 53

Leptin is what:

Back 53

adipocyte hormone that suppresses the food intake

Front 54

Leptin is secreted where + by which cells:

Back 54

Into stomach lumen by chief cells and into vlood by small endocrine cells dispersed between gastric pits

Front 55

Gastric leptin is included in the:

Back 55

short time regulation of digestion, including delay of gastric emptying, absorption of nutrients by the intestinal wall and secretion of gastric, intestinal and pancreatic hormones

Front 56

GI tract is innervated by:

Back 56

extrinsic or intrinsic neurons, depending on the location of their cell bodies

Front 57

The enteric neurons are derived from:

Back 57

the neural crest and the neuroectoderm.

Front 58

Extrinsic neurons belong to:

Back 58

the autonomic nervous system (ANS):

Front 59

parasympathetic innervation comes from the:

Back 59

vagus and pelvic nerves

Front 60

sympathetic innervation comes from:

Back 60

various thoracic and lumbar sympathetic ganglia.

Front 61

the two major plexuses of gut:

Back 61

(1) the submucosal plexus of Meissner
(2) the myenteric plexus of Auerbach

Front 62

1. What does happen with short-chain fatty acids in small intestine?

A. Enter SER to be reestrificated
B. Enter RER to be transformed into chylomicrons.
C. Are transported to lymph after diffusion through absorptive cells.
D. Are transported to liver by blood after diffusion through absorptive cells.
E. Are transported to liver as chylomicrones.

Back 62

D. Are transported to liver by blood after diffusion through absorptive cells.

Front 63

Which of the following are secreted into the lumen of small intestine?

1-glucagon, 2-histamine, 3-gastrin, 4-gastric inhibitory peptide, 5-motilin, 6-secretin, 7-pepsinogen, 8-rennin

A. all of these
B. all of these except 7
C. 1,3,4,5,6
D. 2,7,8
E. 2,3,5,6

Back 63

C. 1,3,4,5,6

Front 64

3. Which from the following de s cribe appe ndix?
1-simple columnar epithelium, 2-abundand lymphoid tissue, 3-deep crypts, 4-small diameter,
5-numerous goblet cells

A. all of these
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,2,4,5
E. 3,4,5

Back 64

D. 1,2,4,5

Front 65

4. In which respective layer of the GI wall are Meissner and Auerbach plexus localized?

A. Mucosa and submucosa
B. Submucosa and muscularis
C. Muscularis and serosa
D. Serosa and mucosa
E. mucosa and muscularis

Back 65

B. Submucosa and muscularis

Front 66

5. What type of s e cre tion is produce d by given cells of gastric gland? Choose correct set.

A. Parietal – HCl, chief – gastric lipase, DNES – prorenin
B. Zymogenic – pepsinogen, oxyntic – gastric intrinsic factor
C. Parietal – pepsinogen, oxyntic – HCl, chief – prorenin
D. Chief – gastric lipase, parietal – prorenin, DNES – gastrin
E. Chief – lysosyme, zymogenic – pepsinogen, DNES - gastrin

Back 66

B. Zymogenic – pepsinogen, oxyntic – gastric intrinsic factor

Front 67

6. Which of the following ce lls type s can be found in colon e pithe lium?
1-stem cells, 2-M cells, 3-goblet, 4-absorptive, 5-chief, 6-Paneth, 7-DNES
A. all of these
B. only 1,3
C. 1,2,3,6
D. 1,3,4,7
E. only 1,2,7

Back 67

D. 1,3,4,7

Front 68

DNES cells secrete:

Back 68

endocrine, paracrine, or neurocrine hormones
(depending on the type)

Front 69

The H+/K+ ATPase transports what:,

Back 69

one hydrogen ion (H+) from the cytoplasm of the parietal cell in exchange for one potassium ion (K+) retrieved from the gastric lumen.

Front 70

parietal cell makes what

Back 70

HCl and gastric intrinsic factor