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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Arteriosclerosis
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thickening of arteriole walls and loss of elasticity, caused by hypertension, diabetes
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Atherosclerosis
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o Lipid enters TI (probably through damaged EC)
o Foamy cells = macrophages and myointimal cells accumulate lipids forming atheromas (plaques) o Fibrosis of TI, atrophy of TM o Calcifications as lesions progress o Ulceration of atheromas provides surface for thrombosis o Can lead to aneurisms, embolisms can migrate leading to occlusion of vessels |
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Circulatory Tumors
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o Haemangiomas: benign
o Angiosarcomas: malignant tumors, endothelial cell origin o Kaposi’s sarcoma Vascular tumors in skin, muscle and internal organs Malignant cells most likely endothelial in origin Associated with herpes virus infection, AIDs |
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Infarct
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ischemia causes necrosis
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Inflammation
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pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, valvulitis; causes an increase in collagen fibers and stimulates angiogenesis
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Rheumatic Fever
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group A beta haemolytic streptococci; causes valvulitis scarring
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Chronic Bronchitis
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Thickening of bronchiole wall due to infiltration of inflammatory cells, hypertrophy of smooth muscle, hyperplasia of seromucous glands, hyperplasia and metaplasia of epithelium
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Emphysema
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o Loss of elastic fibers and breakdown of alveolar wall results in large confluent airspaces
o Centroacinar emphysema: common in smokers respiratory bronchioles affected, distal passages intact macrophages secrete proteases and chemoattractants for neutrophils, neutrophils appear in alveolar lumen and release elastases o Panacinar emphysema: patients with deficiency of α1-antitrypsin gene which normally inhibits elastase production, chronic smokers have low serum levels of α1-antitrypsin |
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Asthma
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o Airway hyperresponsive inflammatory reaction
o May be triggered by allergens or abnormal ANS responses o Bronchioconstriction, excessive mucous production |
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Interstitial Fibrosis
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o end stage of interstitial lung diseases leading to increased collagen production
o can be caused by dusts such as silica, asbestos, coal, organic dusts (moldy hay) o idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: sarcoidosis |
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Lung Cancers
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• Toxins, smoking, repeated infection: cilia destroyed, metaplasia of columnar cells to stratified squamous epithelium, can lead to squamous cell carcinoma
• Columnar cells are stem cells for adenocarcinoma • Mesothelioma: previous exposure to asbestos, tumors may occur in pleura, peritoneum, pericardium |
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Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)
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surfactant doesn't form until 3rd trimester, thus premature neonates are at risk for complications.
Tx: steroid shots boost surfactant production |
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Nephropathy classification
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• Diffuse: affects all glomeruli
• Focal: affects some glomeruli • Global: Entire glomerulus is affected • Segmental: part of glomerulus is affected |
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Pathology exhibited in response to disease/damage to renal corpuscle
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• Swelling and/or proliferation of capillary EC
• Proliferation of podocytes and parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule o Segmental proliferation creates crescents = crescent-shaped masses of cells that may obliterate urinary space • Thickening of GBM (though GBM may be damaged and leaky) • Proliferation of mesangial cells • Clinical proteinuria, hematuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema |
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Membranous nephropathy (a glomerulonephritis)
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o Deposit of IgG and complement factors on endothelial side of GBM
o Primary (idiopathic) o Secondary to some cancers, drugs, infections |
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IgA nephropathy (a glomerulonephritis)
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deposit of IgA on GBM and in mesangial cells, mesangial proliferation
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Goodpasture's Syndrome (a glomerulonephritis)
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o Affects kidney and lung
o Autoimmune, production of Abs to Type IV collagen components |
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Alport's Syndrome (a glomerulonephritis)
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o Genetic mutation in genes coding for Type IV collagen
o Irregular GBM with splitting |
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
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deposit of most Abs and complement factors on GBM
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Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome
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mutation in gene encoding nephrin results in proteinuria
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Diabetic glomerulosclerosis
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• Atherosclerosis of renal vessels can lead to ischemia and infarcts
• Chronic infections • Thickening of GBM but filtration is inefficient leading to leakage of plasma proteins and fibrin deposit on outer surface of glomerulus and inner surface of parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule |
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Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
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• Benign (essential) hypertension: gradual thickening of TI of larger arteries with TM hypertrophy
• Malignant (accelerated) hypertension: severe rapid rise in BP causes acute necrosis of small arteries and arterioles with abrupt cessation of blood supply to nephrons |
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Tubule necrosis
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any diseases that affect peritubular blood flow, such as extreme hypotension, can lead to necrosis
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Renal calculi
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kidney stones
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Renal carcinomas
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adenocarcinoma, clear cell carcinoma
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Bladder carcinoma
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• Urothelial carcinoma: strong link with exposure to industrial chemicals and cigarette smoking
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Orchitis
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viral, bacterial, and granulomatous (trauma)
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Torsion
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results in infarct and necrosis
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Intratubular germ cell neoplasms
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may arise from sperm (seminomas), embryonic or extraembryonic tissue (non-seminomatous germ cell tumors)
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Invasive carcinoma (prostate)
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arises from glandular cells
most often peripheral zone |
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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usually glans or prepuce
occurs moreso in uncircumcized males |
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Cysts
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Luteal (from follicle)
Germinal inclusion cysts: from surface germinal epithelium |
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Polycystic ovarian disease
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may be due to high androgen secretion resulting in high estrogen synthesis
lack of ovulation, lack of CL, lack of progesterone, no uterine proliferation phase |
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Tumors (female repro)
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Epithelial tumors: arise from germinal epithelium, may be benign or malignant
Stromal tumors: arise from follicle, thecal or CT cells Common site for metastases from colon, stomach, or breast cancer |
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Salpingitis
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inflammation of uterine (fallopian) tube
if chronic then can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory Disease |
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Ectopic pregnancy
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implantation not in the uterus
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Benign nodular hyperplasia
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in prostate of male repro tract
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Endometrial hyperplasia
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simply cystic and ectopic
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Endometriosis
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ectopic endometrium in abdominopelvic cavity, most common site is uterine tube
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Adenomyosis
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ectopic endometrium in myometrium
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Endometrial carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)
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derived from uterine glands
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Fibroids
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benign smooth muscle tumors (leiomyomas) progressively become more fibrous
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cervical ectropia
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occurs under influence of hormones during menstrual cycle or pregnancy. Metaplasia of simple columnar cells to stratified squamous
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Junctional Zone
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unstable and susceptible to dysplasia and neoplasia influenced by external factors (infection and smoking increase risk)
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Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
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High risk serotypes associated with high grade dysplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of cervix, vagina, and vulva
Low risk serotypes cause low grade dysplasia and condyloma acuminatum (venereal warts) |
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Non-neoplastic (female repro)
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fibrocystic changes: cystic dilation of ducts, glandular metaplasia, fibrosis of stroma
Ductal Hyperplasia: benign or may lead to cancer Fibroadenoma: most common benign tumor |
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Neoplasia (female repro)
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Lobar carcinoma
Ductal carcinoma Epithelial cells have estrogen receptors and 50%-80% of breast tumors have estrogen receptors BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes encode for tumor suppressors. Mutations in genes (familial inheritance) increase risk for breast and ovarian cancer |
