Histo - 5 Connective Tissue

Front 1

basic type of tissue that provides structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs throughout the body

Back 1

connective tissue

Front 2

continuum based on the relative concentration of cells and fibers

Back 2

connective tissue proper

Front 3

loose CT is a.k.a.

Back 3

areolar CT

Front 4

6 types of specialized CT

Back 4

cartilage
bone
adipose tissue
blood
hematopoieic tissue
regular CT (ligaments and tendons)

Front 5

basic function of CT proper

Back 5

bind together and compartmentalize other tissues and organs

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principle cell native to connective tissue

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fibroblast

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role of fibroblasts

Back 7

produce and degrade both fibers and ground substance of the matrix

Front 8

basic morphology of fibroblasts

Back 8

spindle or stellate shape and has a tendency to send out protoplasmic branching processes

Front 9

active fibroblasts have what type of cytoplasm?

Back 9

basophilic

Front 10

active fibroblasts are abundant in what?

Back 10

euchromatin

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inactive fibroblasts are abundant in what?

Back 11

heterochromatin

Front 12

what are the differences in nuclei between active and inactive fibroblasts?

Back 12

active - ovoid, pale staining
inactive - small, spindle shaped, dark staining

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the principle and most abundant fibers of CT are?

Back 13

collagen fibers

Front 14

collagen fibers are made of what?

Back 14

polymerized tropocollagen molecules

Front 15

basic characteristics of collagen fibers

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flexible, high tensile strength, occur with variable forms and molecular structures, consist of bundles of collagen fibrils

Front 16

Type I collagen

Back 16

most abundant
widespread distribution
forms dermis, organ capsules, bone, dentin, tendons, ligaments

Front 17

Type II collagen is mainly found where?

Back 17

found mainly in cartilage

Front 18

Type III collagen

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found associated with Type I and is the collagenous component of RETICULAR fibers

Front 19

Type IV collagen is present in...

Back 19

present in basal lamina

Front 20

What type of stain is used to view reticular fibers?

Back 20

PAS rxn and silver treatment
NOT H&E stain

Front 21

What type of collagen are reticular fibers?

Back 21

type III

Front 22

Elastic fibers consist of what?

Back 22

elastin (amorphous protein) and microfibrils/fibrillin (fibrillar component

Front 23

What type of stain is used to view elastic fibers?

Back 23

special stains i.e. Verhoeff's stain

Front 24

what forms do elastic fibers occur in?

Back 24

fibers, membranes, or sheets

Front 25

the cellular and fibrous components of connective tissue are surrounded by materials called what?

Back 25

ground substance

Front 26

what is the consistency of ground substance?

Back 26

varies from semifluid to colloidal jelly

Front 27

principle components of ground substance

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glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

Front 28

what do you stain GAGs with and why?

Back 28

stain with basic dyes due to the presence of anionic sulfate groups

Front 29

major kinds of GAGs

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hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulfate
dermatan sulfate
karatan sulfate
heparan sulfate

Front 30

how do GAGs normally occur?

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extracellularly linked to proteins

Front 31

macromolecules composed of GAG chains covalently bound to a core protein

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proteoglycans

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macromolecules composed of proteins associated with a relatively low content of covalently bound carbohydrate units

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glycoproteins

Front 33

procollagens, collagens and the microfibrillar protein of elastic fibers are all examples of what?

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glycoproteins

Front 34

a surface molecule that mediates cell adhesion, motility and growth

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fibronectin

Front 35

laminin

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a constituent of basememt membranes

Front 36

what is the relative ratio of hydrostatic/osmotic pressure from arterial side to venous end of blood capillaries?

Back 36

decrease in hydrostatic pressure and increase in osmotic pressure as you go from arterial side to venous side

Front 37

cells that provide for repair and scar formation

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fibroblasts

Front 38

cells that provide immunosurveillance

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lymphocytes

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cells that initiate inflammatory response

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mast cells

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cells that are constantly present in various types of normal adult CT

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resident cells

Front 41

fibroblasts and adipocytes are derived from what type of cells? and are considered what type of cells?

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mesenchymal --- native

Front 42

mesenchymal cells are the ancestors of which native cells of adult CT?

Back 42

fibroblasts, chondroblast, osteoblast, reticular cell and adipocyte

Front 43

how can macrophages be recognized?

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by their content of digestive vacuoles

Front 44

basic characteristics of macrophages

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phagocytic cells
retain capacity for cell division
produce antimicrobial agents
digest foreign matter using lysosomal enzymes
act as antigen-presenting cells to stimulate lymphocytes

Front 45

mononuclear cell that is an end-stage antibody producing cell derived from a B-lymphocyte

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plasma cell

Front 46

plasma cells are most commonly seen where?

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lymph node, spleen and connective tissue but can be found in bone marrow

not normally found in blood stream

Front 47

appearance of plasma cell nucleus

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nuclear heterochromatin cendensed to give it a cartwheel appearance

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appearance of Golgi in plasma cells

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enlarged, so it displaces nucleus to an eccentric position which makes the cell easily recognizable in tissue sections stained by histological or blood stains

Front 49

large cell with oval nucleus
metachromatic granules
characteristic surface projections from cell membrane

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mast cell

Front 50

mast cells develop from what?

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they develop slowly from lymphocyte-like precursors

Front 51

mast cells are considered to be similar to what?

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basophils bc of similarities in the staining of their granules

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typical location for mast cell action

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along the arterial side of small blood vessels

Front 53

trama or antigen-mediated rxns can lead to release of mast cell granules such as:

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glucosaminidase, alkaline proteases, heparin, histamine, and eosinophil chemotaxic factor

Front 54

exposure to allergen, basophils and mast cells degranulate, which results in widespread vasoconstriction and sweeping reduction in blood volume which leads to circulatory shock

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anaphylactic shock

Front 55

what do unilocular adipose cells look like?

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large, usually spherical cells with nucleus flattened and displaced to one side

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what is different about mitochondria in multilocular adipose cells?

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energy production is not coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, and energy production is produced to make heat, not ATP

Front 57

cells that appear transitorily in connective tissues as part of the inflammatory reaction to cell injury

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immigrant cells

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morphological appearance of lymphocyte

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unspecialized: small cells with a dark spheroid nucleus and little cytoplasm

Front 59

cell that is a short-lived granulocyte, commonly found in both blood and CT

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eosinophil

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cell functions of eosinophils

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effector of the immune system and has an anti-inflammatory action

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when do eosinophil levels increase?

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in response to allergies and parasitic infections

Front 62

what is the most abundant granulocyte?

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neutrophil

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first line of defense against infection is

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neutrophil

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when are neutrophils found in tissues?

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during the acute phase of an infection (pus)

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why is a neutrophil called a kamikaze-cell?

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bc it cannot divide

Front 66

process where neutrophils leave the circulation, in reponse to injury, and enter the injured site by squeezing their way into the connective tissue bw the endothelial cells of the post capillary venules

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diapedesis

Front 67

Tendon, ligament, aponeurosis, and fascia are all what type of CT?

Back 67

dense regular CT

Front 68

lamina propria, submucosa, in glands supporting secretory cells, serosal linings of peritoneal cavity, and papillary layer of dermis are what kind of CT?

Back 68

loose/areolar

Front 69

reticular layer of dermis, capsule and trabeculae of some organs, tunica adventitia of bv's, epimysium, sclera of eye, perichondrium, periosteum, PDL, and epineurium are what type of CT?

Back 69

dense irregular CT

Front 70

adipose, bone, cartilage, and hematopoietic tissue are all what type of tissue?

Back 70

special CT

Front 71

what is formed by alpha chain triple helix?

Back 71

procollagen

Front 72

triple helix formation is dependent upon what?

Back 72

alpha chain hydroxylation

Front 73

what must be cleaved to yield active tropocollagen?

Back 73

registration peptides

Front 74

tropocollagen aggregates to form what?

Back 74

collagen fibrils

Front 75

mast cells are long-lived and are usually located near what?

Back 75

blood vessels

Front 76

lymphocytes that deal w/ cell-mediated immunity

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T-lymphocytes

Front 77

structure that differentiates into plasma cells to produce antibody

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B-lymphocytes

Front 78

small cell with dark spheroid nucleus and little cytoplasm

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lymphocyte

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basophils are found only in what?

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peripheral circulation