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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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simple squamous
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lining of blood, mesothelium- peritoneum and pleura
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simple cuboidal
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distal tubule in kidney, surface of ovaries, some glands
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pseudostratified
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trachea, primary bronchi, nasal cavity, excretory ducts in parotid gland
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stratified squamous
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vagina, mouth, esophagus, vocal cords
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stratified squamous keratinized
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epidermis
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stratified cuboidal
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sweat glands
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stratified columnar
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lining of large excretory ducts in some glands, cavernous urethra
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transitional
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urethra, renales calyces to urethra
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microvillus
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increase SA, glycocalyx, absorption, brush boarder
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sterocillium
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long MV
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cilium
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9+2, contains kinocluium attachment (9+0)
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Flagella
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spermatazoa
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Zona occludens
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zipper, top, attachment to actin
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Zonula adherens
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cadherens, niculin, actinin, close contact, below ZO
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desmosomes
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macula adherens, stong mechanical, cadherins, attachment for plaques
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hemidesomones
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cell to BM
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zonula communicans/gap junctions
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6 connexons make 1
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basal infolding=
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striated ducts
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basal lamina
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type 4 collagen, epithelial rests on this
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GLANDS
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categorized based on types of secretion and shape
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simple
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no branching
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compound
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branching
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merocrine
apocrine holocrine |
just vesicle
vesicle and PM cell death |
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Kartengers
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immobile cilia
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metaplasia
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replacement of one cell type with another
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carcinoma vs
adenocarcinoma |
cancer of surface epithelium
malignant tumors arising from glands. |
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brown fat
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many fat droplets, generate heat
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adipose makes...
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own basal lamina,
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macrophages
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migrating cells
derived from monocytes, garbage collectors, prominent golgi, RER, lysosomes irregulr cell membrane and ctyoplasmic extnesions |
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macrophages in...
liver: CNS, lung integument bone |
kupferr
microglia alveolar macrophages or dust cells langerhands osteoclasts |
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mast cells
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very basophillic, histamine, ANAPHYLAXIS, basophillic heparin, inflammatory stimulating
foundin fiestive tracts, dermis, respiratory tract, thymus |
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plasma cells
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produce antibodies, cartwheel, pale region near nucleus
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lymphocytes
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small spherical basophillic cells
immune cells B and T could develop into plasma cells and memory cells |
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null
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natural killer cells
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eosinophil
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billobed nucles , kills parasitic works
phagocytosis of anitbody, usually red granules |
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chondroblasts/chondrocytes
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in bone
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loose
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filles spaces, rich blood supply, TONS OF cells
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dense regular
irregular |
many fibers, thick, has orientation tenonds and cornea
no specific orientation, usually muscle fascia and periosteum |
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mucoid tissue
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much ground substance, umbilical cord=whartons jelly
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EDS
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abnormal collagen, stretchy skin, collagen type 5
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fibrosis, keloids,
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increased collagen , healing skin
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scurvy
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lack of vitamin C to make the collagen, you need to reduce Fe3+ back to 2+, but you need vitamin C for this
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marfans
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fibrillin, elastin
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elastic connective tissue
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YELLOW fibers, ligamentum flavum, suspensory ligaments of the penis
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RBC
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no nucleus, 7-8 um, 120 days, transport O2/CO2
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WBC
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granulocytes or agranulocytes
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granulocytes-neutrophil
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phagocytosis and bacerial infection. leukotrienes to start inflammation
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neutrophils
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granulocyte, multilobulated, 10-15 um, few days, phagocytosis
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eosinphil
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lots of red granules, same size as neutrophil, 10-15um, few days, parasitics infection
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basophil
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allergic reaction and inflammation, s shapred nucleus and blue granules
allergic rxn, inflammation, heparin |
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lymphocytes
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viral infection, round dense nucleus, B-Plasma
T-t killer cells!! |
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monocytes
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kindey nucleus, long lifespan
migrate to become macrophages.a |
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null cells
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natural killer cells
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platlets
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blood clotting, made from megakaryocyte
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PTH/Calcitonin
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act on osteoclasts VIA osteblasts to either stimulate or inhibit resorption
PTH- when Ca is low, PTH stim OB to stim OC= resorption takes place Calcitonin- OB-OC inactivation= no resporption. |
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vitamins C, A, D, E, protein and amino acids necessary for collagen formation
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vitamin D needed for absorption of calcium in small intestines
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Acromegaly
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exaggerated growth caused by growth hormone tumors
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gigantism
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young exaggerated growth tumors
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dwarfism/nanism
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hormonal or genetic
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osteoporosis
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low bone mass, deterioration of bone, susceptible to fracture, associated with abormal ratio f mineral matrix, deterioration of joints- can be due to estrogen
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osteopetrosis
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bone hardening, too much OB acitivity
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rickets and osteomalacia
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vitamin D deficiency.
bones grow more slowly, malformed because of weight, knees bowed |
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perichondrium
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connective tissue nourishing cartilage- not present in fibrous cartilage
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osteoblast surrounded by matric
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osteocyte
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PTH/Calcitonin
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act on osteoclasts VIA osteblasts to either stimulate or inhibit resorption
PTH- when Ca is low, PTH stim OB to stim OC= resorption takes place Calcitonin- OB-OC inactivation= no resporption. |
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vitamins C, A, D, E, protein and amino acids necessary for collagen formation
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vitamin D needed for absorption of calcium in small intestines
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PTH/Calcitonin
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act on osteoclasts VIA osteblasts to either stimulate or inhibit resorption
PTH- when Ca is low, PTH stim OB to stim OC= resorption takes place Calcitonin- OB-OC inactivation= no resporption. |
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Acromegaly
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exaggerated growth caused by growth hormone tumors
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vitamins C, A, D, E, protein and amino acids necessary for collagen formation
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vitamin D needed for absorption of calcium in small intestines
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gigantism
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young exaggerated growth tumors
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Acromegaly
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exaggerated growth caused by growth hormone tumors
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dwarfism/nanism
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hormonal or genetic
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gigantism
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young exaggerated growth tumors
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osteoporosis
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low bone mass, deterioration of bone, susceptible to fracture, associated with abormal ratio f mineral matrix, deterioration of joints- can be due to estrogen
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dwarfism/nanism
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hormonal or genetic
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osteopetrosis
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bone hardening, too much OB acitivity
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osteoporosis
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low bone mass, deterioration of bone, susceptible to fracture, associated with abormal ratio f mineral matrix, deterioration of joints- can be due to estrogen
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rickets and osteomalacia
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vitamin D deficiency.
bones grow more slowly, malformed because of weight, knees bowed |
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osteopetrosis
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bone hardening, too much OB acitivity
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perichondrium
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connective tissue nourishing cartilage- not present in fibrous cartilage
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rickets and osteomalacia
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vitamin D deficiency.
bones grow more slowly, malformed because of weight, knees bowed |
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osteoblast surrounded by matric
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osteocyte
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perichondrium
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connective tissue nourishing cartilage- not present in fibrous cartilage
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osteoblast surrounded by matric
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osteocyte
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two types of growth intramembraneous
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LONG bones
Cartilage model replaced by bone Primary bone forms first with EITHER of the two mechanisms and is later replaced by secondary bone Reling continues throughout life…. |
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enodchondreal
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primary ossification center- vasculariation-chondrocytes, hypertrophy, OC-periosteal bud-calcifcation
secondary- osteoprog-OB bone fills, cartilage at surfaces, articular cartilage not do anything, epiphyseal plate0 cartilage replaced with bone. |
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epyphyseal plate zones
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reserve-inactive
proliferation- mitosis-isogenous groups hypertrophy- enlarged chond calcification- chondrocytes-calcium, release of mineral by osteoblasts ossification-calcium to bone |
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volkmanns canal
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vasculatization to haversian canal and system
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ground substance
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GAGs, proteoglycans, glycproteins, integrins
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reticular fibers
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type 3, , seen with many volume changes
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elastic
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fibrillen, glycine and proline,
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hyaline cartilage
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type 2, will be the thing that makes the bone
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elastic cartilage
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type 2, elastic fibers auditory external canal
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fibrocartilage
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type one, some time 2...acidophillic, no pericardium
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interstitial
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outward growth, own cells divide
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appositional
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inward from pericondrium , differentiation of chondrocytes, and outer layer
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osteoclasts
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large, resorb bone, howships lacunae is site of their synthesis.
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osetocytes
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made when osteoblats are surrounded by matrix
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lamallae
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concentric circles
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lacunae
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where osteocytes are
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primary bone
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immature type one collagen
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nissle bodies
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RER, neuron
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golgi
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near nucleus
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axon hillock
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msg to body, unmyelanated
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axolemma, axoplasm
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cell features
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anterograde
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cell body to periphery
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retrograde
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terminal to cell body, just like wallerian
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myasthesia gravis
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NMJ not working, autoimmune receptors
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guillan barre
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degradation of myelin in PNS, increase lymph nodes and macrophages
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NT in PNS
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Ach
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NT in autonomics
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norepi
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neuroglia
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support cells
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oligodenracytes
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myelin in CNS
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astrocytes
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energy, support CNS
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microglia
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macrophages, phagocytes in CNS
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epyndyma
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make CSF in choroid plexus
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scar tissue after syrgery
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astrocytes
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endoneureum
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nerve fibers
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perineurium
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barrier with bundles of nere fibers, contractile
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epineureum
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dense CT
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sensory
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pseudounipolar
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autonmimc
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multipolar
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enteric
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aurbach and myenteric plexus
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brain gray
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cell bodies, glial cells, vessels
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brain white
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myelanted acons, glial cells
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cerebrum layers pyramidal cells
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3 and 5
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choroid plexus
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site of CSF production
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purkinje fibers
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help with conduction , in between molecular and granular layer
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CNS connective tissue
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meninges
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tissue fluid
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subdural spcae
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BBB
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tight jxns, between endothelial cells
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CNS have BBB?
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no some dont
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wallerian
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anterograde degeneration
distal axon degraded |
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loss of nissl bodies damage
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depends on amount of axoplasm lost
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if motor fiber cut
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muscle atrophy
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oral cavity
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stratified squamous epithelium
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dense irregular connective tissue
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hard palate
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soft palate
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stratified squamous, non keratinized, skeletal muscle
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tongue is
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dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
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filiform papillae
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highly keratnized, no tasebuds
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fungiform, foliate
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muschroom tastebuds, and taste buds after 2 yrs old
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circumvallate
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LARGE with VON EBNERS glands
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von ebners glands
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serous secretions, lipases, main sublingual salivary gland
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cardiac glands
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short gastric pits
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Fundic glands
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surface mucus producing cells
mucous neck cells- soluble mucous parietal cells- HCL, gastric intrinsic factor chief cells-zymogenic, pepsinogen, lamina propria enteroendocrine stem cells |
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stomach- muscularis externa
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oblique, circular, longitudical, myenteric plexus.
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small intestine
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leaflike
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valves of kerkring
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inc SAplicae circularis
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intestinal glands (named after person)
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crypts of lieberkuhn
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goblet cells
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mucous
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enteroendocrine
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hormones increase liver/gallbladder actvity, decrease gastric secretions
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paneth cells
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lysozymes
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peyers patches
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in ileum, lymph
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duodenum
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brunners glands- alkaline phosphatase, placae circularis,
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jejunum
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no glands in submucosa, goblet cells start to increase
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large intestine
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absorption, water, electrolytes
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appendix
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yes lymph
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m cells
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cover peyers patches in ileum
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anal rectal is...
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stratified squamous...just like mouth and esophagus, end like you begin!!! :)
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digestive tract
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stratifiied squamous to simple columnar
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Barrets
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failure to get simple columnar epithelium
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ulcers
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heliobacterium, pylori, destruction of mucosal layer
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pernicious anemia
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loss of parietal cells, HCL.
no intrinsic factor- vit b12 deficiency |
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metaplasia
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turning from one cell to another
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hyperplasia
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abnormal cell proliferation
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neoplasia
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abnormal cell proliferation, tumor growth
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dysplasia
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pre cancer
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