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53 Cards in this Set
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Emperor Napoleon III
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ruled 1848-1870
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First President of the French Republic and last monarch
Came into power as a dictator after undertaking a coup in 1851 Fell out of power after being captured in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 Franco-Prussian War: bad decisions, possibly due to declining health Authoritarian rule until 1861, using press censorship, manipulating elections, and depriving Parliament of real power Renovated and cleaned up Paris with Baron Haussmann Reign was characterized by indecisiveness and contradictory policies: "The Empire means peace" vs. a strong foreign policy that stated no European powers threatening their neighbors Crimean War (1854-1856): alliance with Britain, defeated Russia Second Opium War (1860): entered Beijing, participated in the destruction of the Summer Palace Died in exile in England |
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Camillo de Cavour
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in office March-June 1861
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Italian unification
Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel II 1853: Crimean War--asked to enter to encourage Austria to enter, started too late to distinguish selves militarily but had other long-term effects Plombieres plot: Cavour and Napolien in 1858 agreeing that Piedmont would enter an engineered war against Duchy of Modena, involving Austria and thus France (in Piedmont's aid). Cavour ceded Savoy and Nice to France; marriage between Princess Clotilde and Prince Napoleon Austrian ultimatum April 23: Austria as aggressor |
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Prussian Constitution
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adopted 1850
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Landtag (lower chamber) had no power over the government
House of Lords controlled by conservative Junkers Change from absolute monarch to constitutional monarchy |
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Battle of Königgrätz
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July 3, 1858
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Decisive battle of the Austro-Prussian War
Prussians defeated Austrians Results: cleared path for German Unification; French resentment and lead-up to the Franco-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War: Austria and most German states (Austria=aggressor) vs. Prussia + N. German states + Italy |
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Treaty of Frankfurt
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May 10, 1871
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Ended the Franco-Prussian War
Cession of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany Framework for withdrawal of German troops conditional on France paying a large war indemnity Recognized William I as German Emperor Polarized French policy against Germany (Alsace-Lorraine)--> lead-up to WWI |
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Social Darwinism
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1877 ish
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"Survival of the Fittest" socially, influenced imperial attitudes in the "New Imperialism" in the late 1800s as opposed to "The white Man's Burden"
Europe > Africa, so we have the right laissez-faire weeds out the losers-->progress! species = nations/tribes FRANCE: saw defeat by Prussia as evidence that Latin races are decadent, much evolve GERMANY: yay, we win, we rock. (not Bismarck's belief) RUSSIA: applied it to Pan-Slavism |
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Dual Alliance
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1879
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Germany and Austria-Hungary
Part of Bismarck's system of alliances to prevent war Both countries pledge to aid the other in the event of Russian attack; benevolent neutrality in case of attack by any other European power (France) Existed simultaneously with Reinsurance Treaty(1887) |
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William Gladstone
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1882
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Member of British Liberal Party; Prime Minister 4 times; Disraeli's (Conservative) opponent
PM during Second Anglo-Afghan War, First Boer War, war in Sudan Anglo-Egyptian War (1882): 1804: attempted to institute puppet ruler --> fail 1882: int'l conference to solve; no agreement, UK engage alone 1922: troops pulled out 1936: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 |
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Tsar Alexander III
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reign 1881-1894
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Wanted to modernize and homogenize Russia (in language, administration, and religion); RUSSIAN pride
not too fond of German influence But wanted peace--> Three Emperor's Alliance, Reinsurance Treaty |
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Kaiser Friedrich and "Vicky"
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reign 1888
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Married to Princess Victoria of Great Britain
Liberal tendencies, unlike conservative militaristic background Considered potential turning point (no WWI?) but just speculation Bismarck worked to undermine them, which led to his downfall (please, Empress Victoria, tell William to not fire me....) |
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Quai d'Orsay
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1894 ish
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Foreign Ministry of France; French diplomats learned, Sciences-Po turned out best diplomats, close ties to financial district
After Germany's rejection of Russia (Reinsurance Treaty), Russia needed aid. France was not fond of Germany, wanted its international role back, purportedly alliance against Britain (nervous about new Kaiser) Quai d'Orsay negotiated with St. Petersburg and the Bourse (anti-semitism diminished) 500 million francs to Russia, funded their industrialization and development |
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Balkans "On Ice"
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1878 - 1908
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1878 Congress of Berlin: terms put the Balkans on ice, brokered by Bismarck
During which... CHINA: Opium Wars JAPANESE: decided to become world power for self-preservation RUSSIA: modernized like crazy, Trans-Siberian Railroad (failure in Balkans --> develop Siberia, take advantage of comp. advantage of LAND) 1894: Sino-Japanese War, concert steps in and pisses Japs off 1904: Russo-Japanese War, Russia loses, zomg. |
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Fashoda Affair
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1898
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UK v. France in Eastern Africa
Scramble for Africa period Intersection of interest: Fashoda in eastern Sudan French wanted Brits to abandon Egypt (gunboats or drain the Nile?) Cpt. Marchand turns up and claims Fashoda for France but backs off b/c outnumbered, cut off, and Russia disapproved |
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German "Free Hand" Policy
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early 1900s
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Germany in a position of relative power:
-surpassed Great Britain in technological development (after Bismarck left, Kaiser Wilhelm turned attention to domestic affairs, convinced of peace on Franco-Russian front) -thus, they had a free hand--> turned attention to imperialism, Weltpolitik |
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Entente Cordiale
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1904
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Franco-British Alliance
Britain in a position of relative weakness against Germany (naval power, technology development...) --> ended Splendid Isolation Lord Lansdowne and Delcasse -Brits got Egypt; French got Morocco -neutral in case of Russo-Japanese War (biggest factor, France didn't want to be drawn into war) |
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H.M.S. Dreadnought
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1906
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revolutionized naval technology, considered turning point ("pre-dreadnought" and "dreadnought" eras)
sparked naval arms race, especially with Germany |
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Black Hand Society
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founded 1911
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terrorist organization in Serbia
part of Pan-Slavist movement, wanted to unite all Slavic populations against Austria-Hungary assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria June 28, 1914: Sarajevo Incident, Principe |
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Bethmann-Hollweg
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"reign": 1909-1917
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Chancellor to German Empire
urged Austrians to take a tough stance against Serbia in favor of war initially; second thoughts, but... succeeded Bulow as Chancellor stirred up Moroccan Crisis to drum up popular support (gunboat diplomacy) pushed arms race to even greater heights |
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Crimean War
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1854-56
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Russia v. UK, France, Ottoman Empire, Sardinia over territories of declining Ottoman Empire
Origins: -Napoleon III in conflict over Russia as "sovereign authority" in Holy Land --> France show of force, Sultan's acquiescence Ended: -Congress of Paris 1856 -Alexander II -Black Sea Clauses: no naval or military arsenal on Black Sea Coast, Tsar and Sultan -all respect independence and territorial integrity of Ottoman Empire |
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Plombieres Plot
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July 12, 1858
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Napoleon III and Camillo di Cavour's secret negotiation
-French aid to Piedmont-Sardinia against Austrian Empire (unification of Italy) -Piedmont-Sardinia gives Nice and Savoy to France -Italian unification -Napoleon wanted a war against Austria |
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Schleswig-Holstein affair
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1864
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Pretext for Austro-Prussian war = administration of Schleswig-Hosltein, manipulated by Bismarck to provoke war to get Austria out of the German Confederation
Gastein Convention (1865): Prussia controlled Schleswig; Austria controlled Holstein Austria brought dispute before German diet; Prussia declared this a nullification of the treaty and invaded Holstein |
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Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich
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1867
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Established new government for Austria and Hungary
-separate Parliaments and Prime minister -common ruler, military, and ministries Resulted from defeat in Austro-Prussian War in 1866, followed revolutions of 1848 Created dual monarchy between Habsburgs and Hungarians--> "emperor-king" |
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cauchemar des coalitions
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1871 ish?
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after victory against France, Bismarck had "nightmare of coalitions" and this fear guided his actions for the rest of his term
1. 3 emperor's league 1873 (Germany, AH, Russia) 2. Dual alliance 1879 (Germany, AH) 3. Triple Alliance 1832 (Germany, AH, Italy) 4. Reinsurance Treaty (Germany, Russia) |
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Pan-Slavism
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mid 1800s
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movement for the unity of all Slavic peoples, mainly in the Balkans (Slavs ruled/oppressed by Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)
Used by Russia as political tool in many many cases --> WWI, defending poor Bosnia and Serbia against Austria --> WAR |
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Three Emperor's League
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1873; 1881
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Austria-Hungary (Emperor Franz Josef)
Russia (Tsar Alexander II) Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm I) bulwark against radicalism negotiated by Bismarck (of course) opposed expansion of French power disbanded in 1875 over conflict in the Balkans; reconstituted 1881 benevolent neutrality |
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"Congo Conference"
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1885
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"Scramble for Africa"
regulated European colonization of Africa during the New Imperialism period organized by Bismarck Principle of Effectivity: powers can only hold colonies if they actually possessed them |
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General Boulanger
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1889
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French general and reactionary politician
threatened coup d'etat in 1889-- oh noez, military dictatorship Boulangisme: revenge against Germany (General Revanche: General Revenge); revision of the constitution, restoration (return to monarchy) --> three R's Fail. Didn't have the balls to do anything. Instilled fear in surrounding powers, made it difficult to negotiate in the future. Sciences Po--> diplomats said to be following his goals, just doing it better. (Delcasse, Entente Cordiale, Franco-Russian --> against Germany) |
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Trans-Siberian Railway
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second half of 19th century
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Japan, after Sino-Russian war, decided hell no they were going to get screwed too. Decided to industrialize, following the Western powers *in order to preserve their own traditions*
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Trans-Siberian Railway
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1891 start; 1904 finish (13 years)
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Sergei Witte
took 13 years to complete stretch from Moscow to Vladivostok (port city on Pacific Ocean) one track, not so smart. in order to shorten the track--go through Manchuria--sparked Sino-Japanese War from Japanese fears (if Russia can ship an army, we're screwed, so let's attack China)--> result, congress of europe stepped in, Witte got his railroad: Russia will defend China against future Japanese attacks -financed by the French |
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Britain's "Two-Power" Standard
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British navy can defeat the next two greatest powers.
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Lord Lansdowne
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term: 1900-1904
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Foreign Secretary
architect of Britain's exit from Splendid Isolation and consequent alliances Liberal minded, wanted peace through alliances 1. Americans: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901 2. Anglo-Japanese alliance 1902 3. Entente cordiale 1904 |
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Sergei Witte
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term 1892
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Minister of Railroad, Minister of Finance
rise to power: predicted train accident during Tsar's tour -put ruble on gold standard -reformed tax system -Franco-Russian alliance -Mining and industry -developed Siberia -Trans-Siberian Railway was his baby |
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Admiral Tirpitz's "Risk Fleet"
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term: 1897-1916
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Admiral, Secretary of State of Imperial Naval office
founder of German Imperial Navy Enemy = England!!! revolutionized naval organization |
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Conrad von Hötzendorf
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Austrian Chief of Staff of the Army
one of the main proponents of war |
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Germany's "Blank Cheque"
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1914?
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issued by Wilhelm II
to Austria: you may use us at your disposal |
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Black Sea Clauses
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1856
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post Crimean War
said to Sultan and Russia: no military or army buildup in the Black Sea pissed off Russia, they wanted that place. Abrogation of Black Sea Clauses drove Russian foreign policy; Bismarck later uses it to convince Russian neutrality in Franco-Prussian War |
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Giuseppi Garibaldi
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1859: Second War of Italian Independence/Austro-Sardinian War
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Italian military and political figure
major-general during Austro-Sardinian War, led a volunteer unit that proved crucial to the victory considered Italian national hero, fought for nationalism also in south america |
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Helmuth von Moltke (elder)
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term: 1857-1888
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Chief of Prussian General Staff during Bismarck's reign:
Austro-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War |
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Ems Dispatch
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13 July, 1870
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1. France worried about Spanish alliance with House of Hohenzollern (German Prince Leopold offered the Spanish throne)--> protested, so Leopold withdrew acceptance
2. French not satisfied, wanted guarantee that no Hohenzollern would ever be on Spanish throne--> informal demand to Leopold, who said no 3. King's secretary wrote an account to Bismarck 4. Bismarck edited the report: French made demands under threat of war, and Wilhelm refused. Conclusion: wanted French to declare war, start of Franco-Prussian war |
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Congress of Berlin
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1878
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Conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War
Dismantled Treaty of San Stefano Big Bulgaria --> Little Bulgaria Serbia given territory Bosnia + Herzegovina: autonomous but not independent, technically still in Ottoman Empire but independent under Austrian protection (strange...-->WWI) Cyprus to Great Britain Tunisia to France Russia not too happy |
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Britain's Lifelines of Empire
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Suez Canal
India |
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Triple Alliance
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1882
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Germany, AH, Italy
After French grab Tunis, Italians not happy because they wanted Tunis. so they allied themselves with Germany. bismarck made the condition that they also had to ally with Austria. Italy was reluctant, not Austria's biggest fans, but had no choice in the wake of Tunis. |
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The "Tools of the Empire"
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Neo-Imperialism, late 1800s
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repeater rifle, machine gun, rapid-fire artillery
steamship, riverboat railroad, telegraph suez canal, panama canal, undersea cables medicine: malaria, antiseptics, etc |
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Reinsurance Treaty
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1887
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Russia and Germany
after League of Three Emperors broke down continue diplomatic isolation of France ***observe neutrality if either involved in war with third country EXCEPT germany attacking grance or russia attacking AH after Bismarck left, Kaiser Wilhelm II saw no reason and dropped it --> Franco-Russian alliance! (1894) |
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Weltpolitik
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1897 start
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also want our place in the sun-> colonial empire
Construction of High Seas Fleet (1st and 2nd naval bills: 1898, 1900) under wilhelm ii and bulow (originally, until he was fired 1900) |
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Scramble for concessions
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1890s
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in terms of Russia?
-sino-Japanese war 1894-95 -far eastern triplice -balkans on ice in the interest of domestic development and the trans-siberian railway, the russians scrambled for concessions against the other powers + china + japan |
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Boer War
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1899-1902
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"Britain's Vietnam"
boers = dutch, originally in Cape of Good Hope but moved to Transvaal when Brits came gold found in Transvaal, Brits swarm in and want the place for themselves -international response: in favor of Boers They won, but during, their position deteriorated |
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Joseph Chamberlain
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1890s ish
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Colonial Secretary
end of Splendid Isolation-->alliance with Germany, but failed -Boer War: happy, thought they'd win easily...false. sought agreement with Social Darwinist |
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Anglo-Japanese Alliance
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1902
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negotiated by Lord Lansdowne
declared benevolent neutrality in the event of war with a third-party and aid if a fourth-party is involved *created to deter Russia *part of end of Splendid Isolation |
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Treaty of Portsmouth
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1905
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Formally ended Russo-Japanese War
Negotiated by Teddy Roosevelt Japan and Russia evacuate and return Manchuria to China Japan got Liaodong Peninsula and Russian rail in s. Manchuria Japan expected more, had defeated Russia numerous times |
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"Berlin to Baghdad"
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1903
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Kaiser Wilhelm II's dream of railway connecting Berlin and Baghdad
New sphere of influence |
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Sergei Sazanov
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term: 1910-1916
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Russian Foreign Minister in lead up and during WWI
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Schlieffen Plan
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1904 created; 1906 modified; 1914 implemented
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German strategic plan in the case of future war against France and Russia: avoid two-front war by defeating France quickly and then turning to Russia
Created by Schlieffen, modified by Moltke the Younger Military rigidity --> WWI? |
