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83 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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great plague
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bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic plagues that destroyed 1/3 population of europe. occured mainly in 14th century western europe. preachers saw it as divine punishment for sin. ruined every aspect of life. families broken apart. extreme religiousity vs. party people. new rich class from heirs. business climate deteriorates, less luxury.
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1720
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plague finally ends in wester europe, last reported case of plague.
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jacquerie
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revolt of French peasants against aristocracy & crown in 1358. struggle for rights caused by labor shortage. french govt increased taxes and nobles increased rents -> revolt against nobility. peasants killed nobles families & burnt houses, churches. Paris. First peasant uprising -> state grows to react.
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peasants rebellion
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peasants rebel in england against aristocrats because they were threatened by aristocratic attempts to revert back to old ways. great rebellion of 1381 in england. first peasant uprising.
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ciompi rebellion in florence
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urban uprising in Florence. guilds closed b/c people died from plague. wool workers riot & force recognition of guilds of laborers. workers & artisans control florence until mercenaries kill them. late 14th century.
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ognes bleu in flanders
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blue dyers rebel throughout flanders against powerful guilds in the second half of 14th century. first peasant uprising.
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new monarchies
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formed as reaction against peasant revolts. new rules, techniques (propaganda), bureaucrats, diplomacy, bigger army w/ artillery. mid-late 14th europe (I, F, E). consequence of rebellion.
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valois
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french dynasty after capetian. philip VI was first. stronger monarchy during mid-late 14th century.
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taille / land tax
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first new permanent tax established in France late 14th. monarchs took advantage over subjects. state demands more b/c war (new armies).
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mercenaries
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first popular in Italian cities. city dwellers hire/contract merc to fight for them. 14th century throughout europe. replaced knights.
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1494
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civil war over the riches of italy.
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hundred years war
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civil war. french support english claim to throne. devastates western france. 14th-15th century. territorial & dynastic rivalries. weakening economic climates & demographic catastrophe causes competition. conflicting rights. english & flemish cloth relationship. royal successsion in france. strong state needed to survive warfare.
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niccolo macchiavelli
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important lawyer of state. responsible for laying foundation of 16th century ruler. "the prince" manual for ruler w/ humanist ideals. science of politics. liberal arts + service of state. historical studies applicable. demand for learning, literacy, printing.
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1348-1517
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renaissance after plague in italy. dark ages now over & new outlook. mid 14th century.
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petrarch
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author/humanist during renaissance. 14th century italy. dark ages over. ancient rome & 14th century separated by "modern". humanism movement emphasized by intelligence + religiosity.
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nude
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renaissance art representing growing interest in nature & realism. depict beauty in nature/anatomy.
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individualism
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artistic movement during renaissance glorifying individuals. birth of portrait. princes/wealthy people commission portrait to depict wealth & importance. soldiers glorified & exaggerated heroic efforts. artist paints himself -> personal presence in art. transition of interest from afterlife -> death.
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baldesar catiglione
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civic humanist in 1500s italy. importance of public service -> bettering themselves & role in society. aspirations of nobility. social mobility is possible. "courtier" ettiquette book teaches life of nobility, essence of gentleman = natural ease & superiority.
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peace of lodi
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lorenzo de medici in florence/rome 15th century. balance of power in italy where florence aligned w/ venice and milan. equality = peace -> growth of art (princes no longer funding war) ambassadors maintain content mood & ease tensions.
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lorenzo de medici
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florentine ruler 15th ruled through influence, money, marriages. court included best artists (da vinci, michelangelo). peace of lodi.
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neo-platonism
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philosophers of renaissance 15th italy. revive antiquities. new understandings & awareness of plato's teachings. fall of byzantine empire -> plato & philosophers writings make way to humanists of renaissance. abstractness of philosophy makes it mystic.
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1494
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northern invasion/confusion. F, G despoil I for 40 years. heroic & despairing response causes loss of faith in florentine strength. destruction of artistic center causes despair of italians -> art movement shifts to rome. artists surrounded by religious atmosphere.
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sola fide
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salvation through faith alone. 16th century luther's theological doctrine that separates P & C.
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sola scriptura.
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bible is the only authority. 16th century luther. 'priesthood of all believers' everyone can read scripture to be saved & acquire faith. direct/indirect deductive reasoning from scripture.
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jean calvin
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16th century french theologian during P reformation. developed calvinism (christian theology). takes luther's ideas to logical conclusions. justification is predestination, faithful is elect. humanist lawyer. broke from catholic church & spread clavinism throughout europe. old testament of god.
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indulgences
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12th century. help the church -> less time in purgatory. go to heaven quicker. romanesque afterlife emphasis -> crusades.
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humanism
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reason, morals, justice. supernatural/religious doctrines as a way of morality. textual criticism of bible.
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erasmus
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monk, catholic priest, theologian late 15th-16th. contrasted old testament. reform of church. idea of free will. general council to clarify doctrine & eliminate abuses.
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martin luther
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priest & professor @ wittenberg for theology. late 15th-16th. started protestant reformation. went against indulgences w/ 95 theses. salvation earned through faith in christ alone. challenged pope of roman catholic church. bible is the only source to reveal knowledge. sola fide, sola scriptura
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95 theses
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1517 by luther. factor of protestant reformation. protest against clerical abuses & sale of indulgences in wittenberg.
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justified
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P ideal of salvation presented by martin luther. saved by faith alone despite worldly actions.
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priesthood of believers
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christian ideology during reformation based on new testament. priests should not be the only ones in charge of spreading faith. it is the duty of all christians.
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jean calvin
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16th. solved problem of where faith comes from. more focused on setting institutional structure for P church. sent missionaries to F in hopes of reform = calvinism.
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peasant rebellion
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16th german peasants war caused by radical reformers who raise a peasant army in germany in order to fight for a socio economic and religious egalitaran doctrine. well planned & combined concerns of variety of aspects of peasant life.
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catholic church
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response to protestant reformation. roman catholic church forced to undergo renovation to maintain strong following. reformed w/ concern for pastoral care & more clergy in parish w/ interacting parishioners. new piety spread, allowing for more religious practices (not public).
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council of trent
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16th convention held in Trent, Italy to have strict definition of main pillars of Roman Catholic faith. spaniards dominated. definition of belief & implications to catholic faith. ordination, 7 sacraments, salvation etc.
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justification
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predestination (calvin) solution to where faith stems from. god has control over the world, people are destined to be saved (governing body) others must undergo eternal damnation (governed).
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ignatius loyola
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staunce catholic early 16th in spain. refuses to join reformation. important leader of counter-reformation even while trends of reformation are underway.
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holy roman emperor charles V
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opposed reformation 16th italy. diet of worms (lutheranism = heresy) peace of augsberg legalizes lutheranism.
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diet of worms
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charles V 16th century germany, gathering to issue edict of worms (lutheranism = heresy).
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peace of augsburg
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charles V & lutheran princes mid 16th @ germany. legalized lutheranism. determined who determines religion of land.
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henri IV (navarre)
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future king henri IV from bourbons 16th france. major player in france civil war b/w P & C. best claim to throne after valois. P victorious & army outside paris -> medici wants truce sealed @ wedding navarre + charles IX sister marguerite (valois catholic)
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catherine de medici
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queen of valois 16th france. children ruled. wants truce after P victory in 1572 w/ wedding.
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aug 24, 1572
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st bartholomew's day massacre @ paris. P admiral coligny + various P & C leaders. guise family attempts to assassinate coligny. french preemptive strike on P leadership.
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bloody mary
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16th queen of england. burned P at stake. religious persecution of P.
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malleus maleficarum
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written by 2 out of work dominican inquisitors (heinrich kramer) document on witches late 15th. manual for finding & executing witches written for judges & inquisitors. reaffirmed existence of witchcraft & formed legitimate basis for witchhunting. witchcraft = heresy. BS.
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maleficium
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evil magic by witches in 15th italy. witch deed.
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johannes weir
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16th holland student of agrippa physician. earliest skeptics of demonic possessions. "on illusions of demons & spells/ posisons". witches are mentally ill.
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reginald scot
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16th english gentleman. "discover of witchcraft" witchcraft is hoax. reason + religion condemn witchcraft. commodity of demons as vanity.
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italian trace
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15th locations of war. modern design: low thick-walled heavy foundation forts w/ earth as resting point. response to invention of artillery which brought down castles easily.
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bastion
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15th new fort feature by castlebuilders. protrusion fitted w/ cannons for defensive fire. expensive but necessary.
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volley fire
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dutch technique during military revolution 16-18th. gustavus adolfus utilized. improved reload times. 6 ranks of musketeers supply continuous fire. perfected artillery attack.
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cogito ergo sum
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i know only that im thinking. methodical doubt. nothing taken on faith until prove real. rene descartes 17th europe challenge to authority.
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epistemology
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17th european crisis of intellectual authority. science of knowing. old sources of authority questioned. what can we know?
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isaac casaubon
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16th-17th textual criticism -> hermetic texts date 300 AD not moses. hermetic tradition discredited. during european crisis of intellectual authority 17th europe.
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richard simon
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history of old testament 17th. textual criticism -> internal contradictions in bible. intellect support of refromation torn away. 17th europe.
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rene descartes
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analytical geometry. throws out all authority. methodical doubt. nothing takeno n faith. cogito ergo sum. challenge to intellectual authority & criticism of old sources.
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blaise pascal
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same time/place. geometer & mystic. answers question of can we know god? no but one should bet he exists.
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pierre bayles philosophic dictionary
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17th. neither P or C.
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john locke
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17th. essay on human understanding. positive cast on descartes' notions. rationalism + empiricism. epistemology.
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empericism
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"that is seeing" resolved crisis of doubt. emphasized evidence, seeing, observation of natural world.
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isaac newton
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17th-18th solved probelm of existence of god. universe is orderly w/ laws -> lawmaker exists. we can know god through his works b/c he is evident in the natural law of universe which can be observed (science). seeing is believing. empiricism + rationalism. increases popularity of science.
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mathematical principles of natural philosophy.
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1687 isaac newton. gravity, inertia, mass. solved problem of god's existence.
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empericism + rationalism
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john locke combined 2. empericism is seeing. seeing is believing. scientific method resolves conflict of doubt.
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revolt of netherlands
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16th-17th religious revolt as result of king imposing taxes. charles V split hapsburg b/w phillip II S ferdinand HRE. phillip tries to impose C on calvinist netherlands. tenth tax to make dutch pay for army. brutal repression in which duke of alba executes & confiscates many dutch (council of blood). spanish stuck in endless guerrilla warfare.
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revolt of catalans
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17th provincial rebellion. result of king imposing taxes. phillip IV asks cortes for mercy. Phillip surrounds barcelona and wins.
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cortes
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17th early modern europe. traditional representitive institutions that control the kings taxes. dominated by priveleged institutions such as nobility. king tries to eliminate other authority. mouthpiece of nobility.
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estates
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17th france. same as cortes.
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moriscos
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spain persecutes/ deports moriscos in 17th. monarchy tried to convert substantial arabic population language and religion but some get deported. shows kings effort at absolute conformity. uniform state is easier to rule. absolutism, imposition of uniformity.
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tenth tax
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provincial rebellions in netherlands -> spanish govt forced to raise taxes from loyal provinces to maintain army dealing w/ rebels. increases in taxation leads to resistance from loyal provinces within netherlands. taxation in order to prevent rebellions and maintain order during revolt of netherlands.
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glorious revolution
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change of govt in E late 17th. catholic james II replaced by dutch william of orange and mary stuart. james II attempted to take control of parliament and govt by installing C supporters but lost political support -> fled to F and left throne vacant. glorious w/o bloodshed. parliament > king. william signs declaration of right.
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declaration of right
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late 17th to william and mary. reasserted fundamental principles of constitutional monarchy. security of property. guaranteed regularity of parliaments. E pushed toward constitutional monarchy. failure of absolutism in E. natural law states P is sovereign (P represents people, who have right to dismiss king). powers of english king weakened. P given power to grant money for war for 6 months. king receives no income & cannot maintain standing army.
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richard filmer
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16th-17th E political theorist, wrote patriarcha defendign absolute monarchy by divine right. argued kings rule by natural law. common family ruled by father -> king is patriarch of country.
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patriarcha
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17th published after filmer's death. king had supreme unquestionable power as fatherly head of country like normal families.
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restoration of king charles II
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restored to throne in 1660 by E parliament. reinstatement of monarchy to bring stability to state after oliver cromwell's death. end of republican rule -> restore E, scottish, irish monarchies. results: parliament become permanent part of govt & could not be ignored / royal power over taxation & religion decreased / constitutional monarchy replaced w/ absolute monarchy.
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mutiny act
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deemed desertaion and mutiny illegal. soldiers can be tried and punishable by death. 17th E troops refusal to obey orders from William III after James II. set precedence for future crimes tried by court.
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fronde
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civil war against cardinal mazarin & queen regent almost topples french monarchy. mazarin constantly raised taxes for war vs. hapsburg. resentment from nobles b/c mazarin's power & italian roots. 17th F parlement refused to pass new taxes. parlement held power of judicial review & blocked monarchial power. royal absolution reinstalled w/o effective limitation or reforms. louis XIV = embodiment of absolutism. armies devastate parisian lands.
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parlements
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17th provincial law courts in F. right to judicial review & register taxes. refused to register mazarin's taxation. fronde of princes: officers had priveleges reaffirmed & given title of bureaucrats/ministers. nobles issued one temp. tax & king gives them versailles & royal court.
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ministers
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17th leaders of govt. dept. positions in new absolutist state. given to officers after fronde. louis XIV's means of appeasing parlement & govt officers to avoid potential conflict.
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jean baptist colbert
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17th F aristocrat, chief aminister of finance. built up navy, reformed F legal codes, est. national academies of culture, fiscal reforms. economic surplus achieved by increasing tax collection efficiency. attempt to balance F budget. F became dominant power of europe.
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versailles
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new center of political power under louis XIV. secluded lavish palace for F nobles/aristocrats. honor of being @ versailles -> competition b/w nobles -> king builds obedience & loyalty. king gave out jobs, positions, bonuses. nobles' power raised own influence among public.
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revocation of edict of nantes
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late 17th louis XIV allows persecution of P. P converted or left -> revokes edict -> more P conflict. those staying in F become dangerous, embittered minority that rebel when possible. those who fled spread stories of anti-P F.
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jansenist
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18th core of resistance to loyal authority created by louis. deemed heretics. louis destroys jansenist monasteries/convents to drive them out. question validity of the eucharist. not just communion absolves sins.
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