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45 Cards in this Set
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– (1478-1481) Means “Act of Faith” and the goal of this movement was to persuade or force a person who had been judged guilty to repent and confess. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella received this permission to protect Catholicism as the true faith from the Pope.
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The Great Chain of Being
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– (1579) Concept derived from Plato, Aristotle, and Proclus that detailed a strict, religious hierarchical structure to all matter and life. The division included, in order, God, Angelic beings, Humanity, Animals, Plants, and
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Absolutism
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(1638-1715) Louis XIV of France exercised absolute power over the people through the monarch. Absolute monarch wielded unrestricted political power over the sovereign state and its people.
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Rene Descartes
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(1596-1650) French philosopher and mathematician, invented the Cartesian Coordinate System. Made advancements in the mathematical analysis of geometry and calculus and was a key figure in the scientific revolution.
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Madame Geoffrin
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– (1699-1777) Leading female figures in the French Enlightenment. Hosted salons to demonstrate qualities of politeness and civility that helped stimulate and regulate intellectual discussion.
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Moses Mendelssohn
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– (1729-1786) German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th and 19th century are indebted. Father of Reform Judaism and established himself as an important figure in the Berlin textile industry, which was the foundation of his family’s wealth.
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Watt Steam Engine
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– (1712) First type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure to drive pistons. The next great step in development during the Industrial Revolution.
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The Crystal Palace
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– All iron and glass building in London to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. Largest amount of glass ever seen in a building and exemplified the great advancements of the steel and glass industry.
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Chartism
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– (1838-1848) Working-class movement for political reform in Britain which took its name from the People’s Charter. Refers to numerous loosely coordinated local groups that began among skilled artisans in small shops.
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“Cultural Capital”
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– (1983) Designated by European Union to create the opportunity for the city to generate considerable cultural, social, and economic benefits and to help foster urban regeneration, change the city’s image and raise its visibility and profile on an international scale.
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Franco-Prussian War
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– (1870-1871) Conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia and its allies in the North German Confederation emerging from tensions regarding German unification. Resulted in German victory, the formation of the German Empire, formation of the French Third Republic, and the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine.
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Kulturkampf
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– (1871-1878) Refers to German policies in relation to secularity and reducing the role and power of the Roman Catholic Church in Prussia enacted by Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck. These policies failed.
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Berlin Congo Conference
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– (1884-1885) Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany’s sudden emergence as an imperial power. Initiated and sped up by the scramble for Africa.
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Cecil Rhodes
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– (1895) A British businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa; Believer in British colonialism, Rhodes was the founder of the southern African territory of Rhodesia, which was named after him. Integral participant in southern African and British imperial history.
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King Leopold
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– (1885-1908) King of the Belgians, founded the Congo Free State, extracted a fortune from the Congo by collecting ivory and rubber and was blamed for the death of 2 to 15 million Congolese for not collecting enough rubber and was forced to relinquish control of the scandal to the Belgian government.
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Emmeline Pankhurst
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– (1858-1928) British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote and founded the Women’s Social and Political Union which she eventually transformed into the Women’s Party dedicated to promoting women’s equality in public life.
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June 28, 1914
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– Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. The political objective of the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary’s south-Slav provinces so they could be combined into Greater Serbia or a Yugoslavia. This assassination led directly to the First World War.
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Schlieffen Plan
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– (1906) Created by Alfred von SchlieffenGerman plan to avoid a two-front war (France to the west and Russia to the east) by concentrating troops in the west and quickly defeating the French and then, if necessary, rushing those troops by rail to the East. The plan ultimately collapsed when a French counterattack on the outskirts of Paris ended the German offensive and resulted in trench warfare.
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Vladimir Lenin
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– (1917-1922) Russian communist revolutionary, politician and theorist. He served as the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death. Under his administration, the Russian Empire was dissolved and replaced by the Soviet Union, industry and businesses were nationalized, and one party took control of all organizations in all areas of society.
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October Revolution
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– (1917) Led by the Bolsheviks and was a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917. It followed and capitalized on the February Revolution of the same year, which overthrew the Tsarist autocracy and established a provisional government composed of former nobles. It overthrew the provisional government and gave the power to the local soviets dominated by the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
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Treaty of Versailles
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– (1919) Peace treaty at the end of WWI that ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Forced Germany to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers.
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The New Woman
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– (1914) Feminist ideal that emerged in the late nineteenth century and had a profound influence on feminism well into the 20th. Described the growth in the number of feminist, educated, independent career women in Europe and the US. The New Woman pushed the limits set by male-dominated society.
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Weimer Republic
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– (1919) Name given by historians to the federal republic and semi-presidential representative democracy to replace the imperial form of government in Germany. Republic faced many problems including hyperinflation, political extremists, and continuing contentious relationships with the victors of WWI but eventually eliminated most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles.
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Joseph Stalin
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– (1920s) – Leader of the Soviet Union, managed to consolidate power following the death of Vladimir Lenin. Under his rule, the concept of “socialism in one country” became the central tenet of Soviet society, he replaced the New Economic Policy launching a period of industrialization and collectivization that resulted in the rapid transformation of the USSR from an agrarian society into an industrial power. Entered into a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany that divided their influence and territory within Eastern Europe, resulting in their invasion of Poland. Led the Soviet Union through its post-war reconstruction phase, which increased tension with the Western world that would later become the Cold War.
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Fordism
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– (1890-1910) Named after Henry Ford, the notion of a modern economic and social system based on an industrialized and standardized form of mass production.
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Benito Mussolini
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– (1922-1943) Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister. He ruled constitutionally until 1925 when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship, key figure in creation of fascism. Sought to delay a major war in Europe until 1942, but Germany invaded Poland, starting WWII, Mussolini sided with Germany. Soon after the start of the Allied invasion of Italy, Mussolini was defeated in the vote at the Grand Council of Fascism, and the King had him arrested the following day.
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Nuremberg Laws
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– (1935) – Antisemitic laws in Nazi, Germany introduced at the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party; Classified people with four German grandparents as “German”, while people were classified as Jews if they descended from three or four Jewish grandparents. These laws deprived Jews and other non-Aryans of German citizenship and prohibited racially mixed sexual relations and marriages between Germans and Jews.
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Appeasement
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– (1937-1929) Diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain applied appeasement policies toward Nazi Germany of avoiding war with Germany.
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Hitler Youth
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– (1922-1945) Paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party made up of male and female youth ages served to train and recruit future members of the adult paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party.
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Einsatzgruppen
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– (1939) SS paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass killings, primarily by shooting, during WWII. Leading role in the implementation of the Final Solution of the Jewish question in territories conquered by Nazi Germany.
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Primo Levi
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(1947) Italian Jewish chemist and writer, author of Survival in Auschwitz, gave first hand account of death camps in Nazi Germany during the Holocaust.
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Operation Barbarossa
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– (1940) Named after Frederick Barbarossa, the medieval Holy Roman Emperor, Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union during WWII, about four million soldiers of the Axis powers invaded the USSR, the largest invasion in the history of warfare. The operation was driven by Adolf Hitler’s persistent desire to conquer the Soviet territories.
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Adolph Eichmann
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(1906-1961) German Nazi and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust. Facilitated and managed the logistics of mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and death camps in German-occupied Eastern Europe during WWII. He was found guilty of war crimes and hanged in 1962.
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Nuremberg Trials
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– (1945-1946) Series of military tribunals, held by the Allied forces after WWII, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.
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Hiroshima & Nagasaki
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– (1945) Cities bombed in Japan conducted by US in the final stages of WWII. The bombings were the first and remain the only use of nuclear weapons.
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Marshall Plan
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– (1948-1952) American initiative to aid Europe, in which the US gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of WWII in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism. The goals of the US were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again.
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Gastarbeiter
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– (1960s-1970s) Refers to foreign or migrant workers who had moved to West Germany mainly in the 1960s and 1970s seeking work as part of a formal guest worker program.
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Algerian War of Independence
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– (1954-1962) War between France and the Algerian independence movements, which led to Algeria gaining its independence from France. An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare, maquis fighting, terrorism, the use of torture, and counter-terrorism operations.
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Mahatma Gandhi
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– (1869-1948) Preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
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Simone de Beauvoir
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– (1908-1986) French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist. She wrote novels, essays, biographies, and monographs on philosophy, politics and social issues on the analysis of women’s oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism.
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Hungarian Uprising
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– (1956) Nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People’s Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies. First major threat to Soviet control since the USSR’s forces drove out the Nazis at the end of WWII. Despite the failure of the uprising, it was highly influential, and came to play a role in the downfall of the Soviet Union decades later.
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Solidarity (Poland)
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– (1980) Polish trade union federation that emerged at the Gdansk Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Walesa. It was the first non-Communist Party-controlled trade union in a Warsaw Pact country. Members reached on third of the total working age population in Poland in 1981, and US provided significant financial support.
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Perestroika
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– (1980s) Political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost policy reform. The literal meaning of perestroika is “restructuring”, referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.
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Berlin Wall .
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– (1961) Barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin. Served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-WWII period
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European Coal and Steel Community
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– (1950) International organization serving to unify European countries after WWII, based on the principles of supranationalism and ultimately lead the way to the founding of the European Union.
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