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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Obstacles to Italian Unification
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1.) Austrian occupation of northern Italian states (Lombardy, venetia)
a. Austria refuses to give up control 2.) Independent rule of the pope a. Refused to give up power 3.) Existence of independent Italian states a. Unification meant they would no longer be in control |
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Camillo Cavour
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named prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont
very pro-unification convinced Napoleon III (France) to help secretly lure Austria into war built up troops on border of Lombardy Austrian Emperor told him “Disarm or else!!!” he refused Austria invaded Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont |
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kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
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gained control of Lombardy
Northern States except Venetia voted to join the |
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Italian Nationalist
1854- formed alliance with Kingdom of SP 1860 invades and conquers Kingdom of Two Sicilies |
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kingdom of Italy
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Garibaldi invades and conquers Kingdom of Two Sicilies
1861: Handed over kingdom of Two Sicilies to Kingdom of SP |
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Venetia (1866)
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Austria defeated by Prussia (7 weeks war)
result: kingdom of Italy gained control |
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Rome (1870)
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France pulled troops out of here(Franco-Prussian War)
Papal States added to Kingdom of Italy |
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German Unification
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Otto Von Bismark “Iron Chancellor” appointed Prime Minister of Prussia
Goal- unified Germany Problem: Austria still powerful Strategy for unification: WAR!!! |
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The 7 weeks war- 1866
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Prussia vs Austria
Southearn states allied with Austria Prussia defeated Austria Results of the 7 weeks war Weakened Austrian power and influence over Germanic states Prussia became most powerful Germanic state Got rid of German Confederation |
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North German Confederation
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Prussia and Northern Germanic States
1867- Germany still not unified Southern States |
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Bismark’s Plan
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Create nationalism among southern states
How?- Go 2 war Against who?- Common enemy- France! |
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Franco Prussian War- 1870
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Prussia vs France (Emp. Napoleon III)
Bismark provoked France into war France declared war on Prussia Result: Great feeling of Nationalism among Germanic States Southern States joined in the fight Prussia won the war |
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Southern Germanic states
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asked Prussian King Wilhelm I to accept title of a unified Germany (Northern and Southern states)
Jan. 1871 German states were united as the German Empire Prussian King Wilhelm I (Hohenzollern became Kaiser Wilhelm I of the German Empire (Kaiser = Emperor) conservative government |
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France and the Third Republic
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French fighting Prussians (Franco- Prussian War)
Prussians captured Napoleon III Result: Revolution in Paris French Empire replaced with: Govt of National Defense Jan 1871: French National Assembly and Prussians sign armistic (suspension of fighting) Result- Prussians allowed to occupy Paris Parisians (people of Paris) upset with National Assembly Result- Prisians form: “National Guard”- armed citizens of Paris and against National Assembly March 1871- “National Guard” forced National Assembly and army out of Paris Parris Commune: March 18, 1871- Paris ruled separate from rest of France April 1871- National Assembly sent army into Paris May 1871- Paris Commune defeated and National Assembly back in power New question: What would new gov be like? Most of French National Assembly wanted Constitutional Monarchy? Problem: descendants of Charles X or Louis Philippe? Solution: 3rd French Republic 2 house parliament and ruled by a president 3rd French Republic ruled til WW2 (1940s) |
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Imperialism
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policy of extending a nations rule by territorial acquisitions or by the establishment of economic and political rule over other nations
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Suez Canal
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1869
connected Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea made trade routes from the Europe to Africa/Asia quicker and cheaper |
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Three Emperor’s League
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German Chancellor Bismark worried France would make alliances against Germany
Germany, Austria-Hungarym Russia Main Goal: Preserve conservative powers of Europe Keep peacfule relations with… |
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The Balkan Peninsula
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Occupied by Ottomans since 1300s
surrounded by 3 major Empires 1870s Ottomans having trouble with revolts in Balkans Austria and Russia interested n Balkans |
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Russo-Turkish War- 1877-1878
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Russia vs Ottoman Empire
Russians: “fighting to liberate the Balkans” Russia won |
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Treaty of Stefano-1878
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ends Russo-Turkish War
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results of russo-turkish war
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Serbia, Montenegro, Romania given Independence
Ottomans kept Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosporous Straits and Dardanelles open to neutral ships Rest of the world: -Nervous over Russia’s new power |
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Congress of Berlin-1878
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Meeting to discuss terms of Treaty of San Stefano
Germany, England, Austria-Hungary, France, Italy, Russia, Ottoman Empire 1.) Officially recognized independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania 2.) Bosnia to be “occupied and administered” by Austria-Hungary Slavic states not happy ab occupation of Bosnia Russia negatively affected |
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Triple Alliance
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Defense alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy 1904: France formed alliance with England |
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Triple Entente
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Defense alliance
France, Russia, England |
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Road to WWI
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Bosnian Crisis
1908: Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina Serbia and Montenegro unhappy Sarajevo |
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Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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(heir to Austrian throne) visited Sarajevo (Bosnian Capital)
June 28, 1914: Serbian Terrorist group, The Black Hand, assassinated the Archduke Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia July 29, 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia |
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Beginning of WWI
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Central Powers
Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Allied powers England France Russia |
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Central Powers
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Germany
Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire |
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Allied powers
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England
France Russia |
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Schleieffen Plan
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German plan to prevent war on two fronts
invade and sweep through France before Russia could mobilize it failed |
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Schlieffen Plan
Result |
2major fronts
Western Front (France) Eastern Front (Russia) |
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Trench Warfare
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War fought in the trenches
“No Man’s Land”- area between two trenches front lines don’t move much |
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Indurstial War
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New Type of War
New, bigger, more powerful weapons |
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Battle of Verdun
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Feb 1916-Dec 1916
Major German offensive biggest battle of the war French held off Germans Bloodiest battle of the war (250,000 deaths, 450,000 injured) |
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US enters war
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1914- declared Neutrality
1915: British passenger ship Lusitania sunk by German U-boat Over 100 US passengers killed President Woodrow Wilson convinced Germans to stop sinking Merchant/passenger ships |
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Treaty of Versailles
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the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany.
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results of war
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Austria-Hungary Empire split into 2 separate nations: republic of Austria and Republic of Hungary
New nation of Czechoslovakia formed out of old Austrian land new nation of Yugoslavia formed out of Slavic states (Serbia, Bosnia,, Montnegro) Ottoman Empire divided up became the Republic of Turkey (Asia Minor and Istanbul) |
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League of Nations
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Part of Trety of Versailles
Idea of US President Woodrow Wilson Body of states from around the world who would try and keep peace Prevent another major war!!! US did not join why? Ready to go back to being neutral |
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Ottoman Empire and the Middle East after WWI
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Early 1900s
Great economic potential in the middle east During WWI Engalnd supported revolts in Middle East |
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Sykes Picot Agreement- 1916
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Secret agreement between England and France
Ottoman Empire divided into English and French zones of occupation when WWI ends |
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Zionism
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: popular movement during the late 1800s and early 19002 for the creation of an independent Jewish nation
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Jews and Palestine
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1906- Zionist decided new Jewish homeland should be in Palestine
Result: began to migrate to Palestine |
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Balfour Declaration- 1917
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England promised to support the Jews in the establishment of an independent Jewish Nation in Palestine
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San Remo Conference-1920
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Meeting between numerous countries
Goal: decided to do with for,er colonial possessions of Germany and the Ottoman Empire Resulted in division of the Middle East (former Ottoman land) France got control of Syria and Lebanon England got control of Palestine and Iraq |
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Division of Palestine 1920-1922
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1920-1922 England divided Palestine
East of Jordan River- Transjordan-area closed to Jewish settlement West of Jordan River- Palestine- designated for future Jewish Nation |
