Hist T3- Endocrine Glands

Front 1

Where do endocrine organs secrete their products into?

Back 1

The surrounding interstitial space (versus ducts, as is the traditional method)

Front 2

What kind of capillaries are present in endocrine organs?

Back 2

Fenestrated

Front 3

What part of the brain controls he endocrine system? What nervous system is linked to endocrine excretion through this structure?

Back 3

Hypothalamus; autonomic

Front 4

Where does the hypophysis lay? What's the other name for this structure?

Back 4

Under the sella turcica; pituitary gland

Front 5

What kind of pituitary hormones have non-endocrine target organs? Can you name any examples?

Back 5

Direct acting hormones; oxytocin, prolactin, ADH

Front 6

What are trophic hormones? Can you name any examples?

Back 6

Pituitary hormones which the target organ is another endocrine gland;

TSH, FSH, LH

Front 7

The thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads are all examples of this type of gland:

Back 7

Pituitary dependent endocrine glands

Front 8

What tissue is in the anterior pituitary? Posterior?

Back 8

Anterior: Glandular epithelial

Posterior: Neural secretory

Front 9

What's Rathke's pouch?

Back 9

A developmental region of the pharynx, an evagination of ectoderm which will end up forming the anterior pituitary

Front 10

What are the three sections of the anterior pituitary?

Back 10

Pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

Front 11

What part of the pituitary secretes MSH, ACTH?

Back 11

Pars intermedia of the anterior pituitary

Front 12

What's the infundibulum? What's it formed by?

Back 12

A collar around the pituitary stalk; pars tuberalis (an extension off the anterior pituitary)

Front 13

What part of the anterior pituitary secretes the bulk of pituitary hormones?

Back 13

Pars distalis

Front 14

What are the two direct acting and four trophic hormones secreted by pars distalis?

Back 14

DA: GH, prolactin

TH: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

Front 15

What are the two variants of secreting cells of the anterior pituitary, and what are their differences?

Back 15

Chromophils (they stain), chromophobes (they don't)

Front 16

What do chromophobes represent?

Back 16

Inactive pituitary cells

Front 17

What color are acidophils on H/E?

Back 17

Pink

Front 18

What color are chromophilic basophils on H/E?

Back 18

Pale blue/light purple

Front 19

What are the two types of acidophilic pituitary cells? What do they secrete?

Back 19

Somatotrophs- Secrete GH
Mammotrophs- Secrete prolactin

Front 20

What are the three types of basophilic pituitary cells? What do they secrete?

Back 20

Thryotrophs- Secrete TSH
Gonadotrophs- Secrete FSH, LH
Corticotrophs- Secrete ACTH, MSH, endorphins

Front 21

What are two alternate names for the posterior pituitary?

Where's it located compared to the hypothalamus?

Back 21

Neurohypophysis, pars nervosa

Located ventrally in comparison to hypothalamus

Front 22

What is the posterior pituitary made up of?

Back 22

Support cells called pituicytes and neurosecretory nerve axons

Front 23

Where do the neurosecretory nerve axons of the posterior pituitary secrete products from?

Back 23

Hypothalamus nerve bodies

Front 24

What are herring bodies? What's stored in them? Where are they located?

Back 24

Neurosecretory granules in the posterior pituitary; ADH and oxytocin is stored in them.

Front 25

The hypothalamus triggers the release of these two hormones by the posterior pituitary:

Back 25

ADH, oxytocin

Front 26

What is synthesized in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus?

Back 26

ADH

Front 27

Decreased production of ADH leads to increased production of this and can be an indicator of this disease:

Back 27

Urine; diabetes insipidus

Front 28

Briefly, how does ADH alter BP?

Back 28

Manipulating the permeability of renal collecting tubules

Front 29

Where's oxytocin synthesized?

Back 29

Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

Front 30

What's the function of oxytocin?

Back 30

Promotes smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and breast during labor and lactation.

Front 31

What feature connects the left and right sides of the thyroid gland?

Back 31

The isthmus

Front 32

Embryologically, what's the thyroid gland derived from?

Back 32

Epithelial downgrowth of fetal tongue

Front 33

What's thyroglobulin?

Back 33

An eosinophilic glycoprotein inactive hormone

Front 34

Where's thyroglobulin stored? In what gland?

Back 34

Extracellular follicles in the thyroid gland

Front 35

What type of tissue surround the extracellular follicles of the thyroid gland?

Back 35

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 36

What do T3 and T4 regulate?

Back 36

Base metabolic rate (BMR), growth and dev. of nervous system

Front 37

What hormone deficiency results in cretinism?

Back 37

T3/4

Front 38

What are the alternate names for T3/T4?

Back 38

T3: Triiodothyronine T4: Thyroxine (or Tetraiodothyronine)

Front 39

What happens to T4 in the liver?

Back 39

It becomes de-iodinated to become the more potent T3

Front 40

What do C cells secrete? What's the other name for them?

Back 40

Parafollicular cells; calcitonin

Front 41

What are the two functions of calcitonin?

Back 41

-Inhibit osteoclasts

-Decrease Ca in the blood

Front 42

What controls release of thyroid hormones?

Back 42

TSH- releaseed by anterior pituitary (also annoyingly referred to by Willard as the "adenohypophysis" or "pars anterior")

Front 43

Goiter is indicative of what dysfunction?

Back 43

Hypo or hyperthyroidism

Front 44

What state of thyroidism can come from an autoimmune reaction?

Back 44

Hypothyroidism

Front 45

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Back 45

Posterior surface of thyroid gland

Front 46

What gland is derived from the third and fourth brachial/pharyngeal pouches?

Back 46

Parathyroid glands

Front 47

What's the function of parathyroid hormone? What's it an antagonist of?

Back 47

Increases blood Ca; calcitonin

Front 48

What are the three ways that parathyroid hormone modulates serum Ca levels?

Back 48

- Increase osteoclastic activity (and inhibit osteoblasts)

- Increase renal tubule absorption of Ca in the kidneys (and inhibits resorption of PO4)

- Increases Ca absorption from gut via Vitamin D

Front 49

What stimulates PTH secretion?

Back 49

Decreased levels of Ca in the blood

Front 50

What are the two types of cells in the parathyroid gland?

Back 50

Chief (principal) cells (these are the PTH secreting cells), oxyphil cells

Front 51

What's the other name of the adrenal gland?

Back 51

Suprarenal gland

Front 52

What hormone controls the adrenal gland?

Back 52

ACTH

Front 53

From which primitive cell layer is the adrenal cortex derived?

Back 53

Mesoderm

Front 54

From which primitive cell layer is the adrenal medulla derived?

Back 54

Neuroectoderm

Front 55

What are the three functional classes of adrenal gland hormones?

Back 55

- Mineralocorticoids

- Glucocorticoids

- Sex hormones

Front 56

What are the functions of mineralocorticoids (2)? An example?

Back 56

- Regulate Na, K levels via Na pumps (especially in renal tubules)

- Regulates BP via the JGA

Ex: Aldosterone

Front 57

What are the functions of glucocorticoids (2)? An example?

Back 57

- Stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.

- Speeds up metabolism, as well as breakdown of proteins, carbs, and lipids

Ex: Cortisol

Front 58

Superficial to deep- what are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

Back 58

- Zona glomerulosa

- Zona fasciculata

- Zona reticularis

Front 59

Androgens and glucocorticoids are secreted by these adrenal gland portions

Back 59

zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Front 60

Which section of the adrenal gland secretes mineralocorticoids? What type of organelles are especially present in the cells of this adrenal region?

Back 60

Zona glomerulosa; sER, mitochondria, triglycerides

Front 61

Where are spongiocytes located? What is the primary product of this location?

Back 61

Zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland; glucocorticoids

Front 62

What physiological response can a decrease in cortisol excretion result in?

Back 62

Decrease in blood glucose

Front 63

What type of adrenal hormone is cortisol?

Back 63

Glucocorticoid

Front 64

Addison's disease is also known as what and results in what effects?

Back 64

Hypoadrenocorticism; decrease in aldosterone leads to decrease in extracellular fluid volume leads to hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and mild acidosis.

Culminates in shock/death

Front 65

Cushing's disease- What's the primary type also known as? What about the secondary type?

Back 65

Primary: adrenal hyperadrenocorticism

Secondary: Pituitary hyperadrenocorticism

Front 66

Increase of ACTH from the anterior pituitary as a manifestation of a greater systemic disease can result in this disease:

Back 66

Secondary hyperadrenocorticism, AKA pituitary hyperadrenocorticism

Front 67

Chromaffin cells are controlled by what type of fibers from what nervous system? Where are they located?

Back 67

Preganglionic, sympathetic. Medulla of adrenal gland

Front 68

What type of molecules are secreted by chromaffin cells? What are some examples of these?

Back 68

Catecholamines; adrenaline and noradrenaline

Front 69

What is the name of the granules in which catecholamines are stored? What is the name of the cells in which these granules are located?

Back 69

Dense core granules; chromaffin cells.

Front 70

What two type of hormones trigger the fight or flight response?

Back 70

Catecholamines, glucocorticoids

Front 71

What are enkephalins? What stimulates their production?

Back 71

Body-made opiates; adrenaline

Front 72

What's adrenaline's effect on the liver?

Back 72

Promotes glycogenolysis to create energy for fight or flight response

Front 73

What are the other names for adrenaline and noradrenaline?

Back 73

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

Front 74

Increased epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion can occur as a result of this often-benign tumor

Back 74

Pheochromocytoma

Front 75

What do the exocrine acini of the pancreas do?

Back 75

Secrete digestive products into the gut

Front 76

Where are the endocrine cells in the pancreas located?

Back 76

Islets of Langerhans

Front 77

What do the alpha cells of the pancreas secrete? What's the function of this hormone?

Back 77

Glucagon; increase blood glucose by stimulating glucogenesis, glycogenolysis

Front 78

What's the function of the beta cells of the pancreas?

Back 78

Secrete insulin; decrease blood glucose by stimulating glycogen synth.

Front 79

What do the gamma cells of the pancreas secrete? What's this molecule's function?

Back 79

Somatostatin; inhibits both glucagon and insulin production

Front 80

Where are vasoactive intestinal peptide and pancreatic polypeptide made?

Back 80

Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Front 81

Diabetes mellitus results from what molecular problem? Has what two physiological symptoms?

Back 81

Lack of insulin; hyperglycemia, glucosuria

Front 82

Where does the pineal gland develop from?

Back 82

Neuroectoderm; posterior portion of third ventricle from roof of diencephalon

Front 83

What does the pineal gland behave as in lower vertebrates?

Back 83

A photoreceptor

Front 84

What two hormones are secreted by the pineal gland?

Back 84

Melatonin, serotonin

Front 85

What effects does melatonin have on humans

Back 85

Decreases GNRH release from hypothalamus, which results in decrease in sex hormone secretion from the gonads

Front 86

What are the two cell types in the pineal gland?

Back 86

Pinealocytes, neuroglial cells

Front 87

What's the function of pinealocytes?

Back 87

Secrete melatonin and serotonin

Front 88

What's the function of neuroglial cells?

Back 88

Support cells; akin to astrocytes

Front 89

What's corpora arenacea?

Back 89

Calcified secretions of Ca and MgPO4 that build up in the pineal gland; AKA "brain sand"

Front 90

Gastrin, secretin, CCK, and serotonin are all secreted by these endocrine cells:

Back 90

APUD cells in the GI tract

Front 91

Where are most APUD cells derived from?

Back 91

Neural crest (neuroendocrine cells)

Front 92

Chromaffin cells, thyroid C cells, and pancreatic islet cells are all of this cell type:

Back 92

APUD cells

Front 93

Cushing's disease results from excess secretion of this hormone:

Back 93

corticosteroid

Front 94

Gigantism can result from tumors of what pituitary tissue?

Back 94

Somatotrophs

Front 95

What's the most common disease of the pituitary?

Back 95

Pituitary adenoma

Front 96

What's panhypopituitarism?

Back 96

When pituitary cells necrose and the gland fails to output hormone (can be caused by arterial blockage as result of pituitary adenoma)

Front 97

Hypercalcemia can arise as a result of what throid-related condition?

Back 97

Hyperparathyroidism-

(cause PTH stimulates osteoclastic resorption, remember?)

Front 98

Total thyroidectomy can result in this comparatively rare thyroid condition

Back 98

Hypoparathyroidism

Front 99

Failure of what organ can culminate in secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Back 99

The kidney

Front 100

What causes parathyroid hyperplasia? What is it?

Back 100

When the kidneys fail, too much Ca becomes excreted in the urine. to compensate for blood levels of Ca that are too low, the parathyroid produces more PTH and grows larger.

Front 101

What happens in tertiary hyperparathyroidism?

Back 101

Secondary hyperthyroidism has already occurred; parathyroid hyperplasia (enlargement, excess production) has resulted.

Tertiary occurs when the parathyroid gland then stops detecting calcium levels all-together and continuously produces excess Ca.

Front 102

Tuberculosis can be associated with what endocrine disorder?

Back 102

Hypoadrenalism through destruction of adrenal glands

Front 103

Cushing's syndrome can result as an excretion of too much of this type of hormone:

Back 103

Glucocorticoid

Front 104

Conn's syndrome can result as an excretion of too much of this type of hormone:

Back 104

Mineralocorticoid

Front 105

What causes ectopic ACTH syndrome?

Back 105

Tumors not associated with the adrenal gland produce excess ACTH, which stimulates overproduction of glucocorticoid by the adrenal gland

Front 106

What's the blood serum result of diabetes mellitus?

Back 106

Hyperglycemia

Front 107

Small cell carcinomas of this organ frequently secrete ACTH-like substance:

Back 107

Lung

Front 108

What do carcinoid tumors secrete? Where are these tumors most common?

Back 108

5-HT; small intestine and appendix