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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: Law of Mass Action
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The efficiency of learning is a function of the total mass of cortical tissue.
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Define: Principle of equipotentiality.
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The idea that one part of the cerebral cortex is essentially equal too another in its contribution to learning.
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Define: Operationism.
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The doctrine that a physical concept can be defined in precise terms relating to the set of operations or procedures by which it is determined.
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Define: purposive behaviorism
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tolman's system combining the objective study of behavior w/ the consideration of purposiveness or goal orientation in behavior.
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Define: Intervening Variable.
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Unobserved & inferred factors w/i the organism that are the actual determinants of behavior.
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Define: Hypothetico-deductive method.
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Hull's method for establishing postulates from which experimentally testable conclusions can be deduced.
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Define: Law of primary reinforcement.
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When a stimulus-response relationship is followed by a reduction in a bodily need, the probability increases that on subsequent occasions the same stimulus will evoke the same response.
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Define: Habit Strength
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The strength of the stimulus-response connection, which is a function of the number of reinforcements.
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Define: Operant Conditioning.
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A learning situation that involves behavior emitted by an organism rather than elicited by a detectable stimulus.
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Define: Law of acquisition
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The strength of an operant behavior is increased when it is followed by the presentation of a reinforcing stimulus.
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Define: Reinforcement schedules
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Conditions involving various rates & times of reinforcement.
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define: behavior modification
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the use of positive reinforcement to control or modify the behavior of individuals or groups.
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define: vicarious reinforcement
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Bandura's notion that learning can occur by observing the behavior of other people and the consequences of their behavior, rather than by always experiencing reinforcement personally.
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define: self-efficacy
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one's sense of self-esteem & competence in dealing w/ life's problems
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define: locus of control
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Rotter's idea about the source of reinforcement. Internal locus of control is the belief that reinforcement depends on one's own behavior external locus of control is the belief that reinforcement depends on outside forces.
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define: phenomenology
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An approach to knowledge based on an unbiased description of immediate experience as it occurs, not analyzed or reduced to it's elements.
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define: fields of force
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regions or spaces traversed by lines of force, such as of a magnet or electric current.
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define: phi phenomenon
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the illusion that two stationary flashing lights are moving from one place to another.
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define: perceptual constancy
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a quality of wholeness or completeness in perceptual experience that does not vary even when the sensory elements change.
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define: insight
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immediate apprehension or cognition
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define: isomorphism
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the doctrine that there is a correspondence between psychological or conscious experience and the underlying brain experience.
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define: field theory
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lewin's system using the concept of fields of force to explain behavior in terms of one's field of social influence.
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define: zeigarnik effect
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The tendency to recall uncompleted tasks more easily than completed tasks.
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define: monadology
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leibnitz's theory of psychic entities, called monads, which are similar to perceptions.
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define: catharsis
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The process of reducing or eliminating a complex by recalling it to conscious awareness and allowing it to be expressed.
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define: transference
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the process by which a patient responds to the therapist as if the therapist were a significant person (such as a parent) in the patients life
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define: free association
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a psychotheraputic technique in which the patient says whatever comes to mind
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define: dream analysis
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a psychotheraputic technique involving interpreting dreams to uncover unconscious conflicts.
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define: freudian slip
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an act of forgetting or a lapse in speech that reflexts unconscious motives or anxieties
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define: resistance
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a blockage or refusal to disclose painful memories during a free association session.
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define: repression
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the process of barring unacceptable ideas, memories, or desires from conscious awareness, leaving them to operate in the unconscious mind
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define: instincts
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to freud, mental representations of internal stimuli (such as hunger), that motivate personality and behavior.
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define: libido
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to freud, the psychic energy that drives a person toward pleasureable thoughts and behaviors
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define: id
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the source of psychic energy and the aspect of personality allied w/ the instincts.
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define: ego
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the rational aspect of personality responsible for controlling the instincts
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define: superego
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the moral aspect of personality derived from internalizing parental and societal values and standards
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define: defense mechanism
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behaviors that represent unconscious denials or distortions of reality but which are adopted to protect the ego against anxiety.
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define: psychosexual stages
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in psychoanalytic theory, the developmental stages of childhood centering on erogenous zones
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define: oedipus complex
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at ages 4-5, the unconscious desire of a boy for his mother and the desire to replace or destroy his father.
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Who came up w/ Law of Mass Action?
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Karl Lashley
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Who was Watson's biggest critic?
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William McDougall
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What is the Instinct Theory of Beh?
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Human beh derives from innate tendancies to thought & action
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Who came up w/ purposive beh'ism?
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Edward Tolman
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Who came up w/ intervening variables?
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Edward Tolman.
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What is Edward Tolman's (Cog Exp) of learning theory?
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repeated performance of a task strengthens the learned relationship between environmental cues and the O's expectations. O gets to know environment.
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What is a "sign Gestalt"?
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the relationship built by continued performance of a task
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Who's Beh'istic approach was more sophisticated & complex than Watson's?
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Clark Leonard Hull
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Who dominated psych from the '40's - '60's?
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Clark Leonard Hull
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Who came up w/ "sign Gestalts"?
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Edward Tolman
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Who came up w/ a cognitive explanation learning theory?
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Edward Tolman
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What are the Intervening Variables
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Physiological Drives
Heredity Enivoronmental Stim Age Previous Training |
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What did William McDougall support?
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Free Will, nordic superiority, & psychic research
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Known for his theory of instincts.
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William McDougall
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Who came up w/ principle of equipotentiality?
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Karl Lashley
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What 17th cent idea influence Clark Leonard Hull?
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The Spirit of Mechanism.
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Hypothetico-Deductive Method
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= Hull's method for estb'ing postulates from which experimentall testable concls can be deduced; if aren't supported by exp evidence, must be revised
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What are primary drives?
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drives assoc'd w/ innate bio'ical need states & are vital to the O's survival: eating etc
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What are secondary drives?
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drives that become related to primary drives.
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What did Clark Leonard Hull think about drives?
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reduction or satisfaction of a drive is the sole basis for reinforcement
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What did Clark Leonard Hull say were the 4 useful methods of study?
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Simple Observation
Systematic Controlled Observation Experimental Testing of Hypotheses. Hypothetico-Deductive Method = Hull's method for estb'ing postulates from which experimentall testable concls can be deduced; if aren't supported by exp evidence, must be revised |
