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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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secondary sources
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an analysis of primary sources that provides an interpretation or reconstruction of a past event in history; 50 years is a general cutoff; look in the footnotes for other pri or sec sources; books, articles, essays
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why read sec sources (3 reasons)
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1. to keep up with current research
2. to find other points of view 3. to find models for your own research and analysis |
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academic/peer-reviewed sources
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other professional academics have reviewed the research and it is published by an academic publishing house
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reputable presses include
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most university presses, esp well-known universities; well-known commercial presses - Norton in literature, for ex.
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where is the thesis?
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it is usually in the first or last few paragraphs
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histiography
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the process of writing history (methods) OR the study of that process/a study of the history of history
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primary sources
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first-hand testimony or direct evidence from a specific time and place in history; autobiographies, memoirs, diaries, speeches, novels, plays, letters, interviews, official records, news film footage, movies, poetry, music, art, artifacts
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antiquarian
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gatherers of the "stuff" of the past (artifacts)/collectors of everything they can lay their hands on connected with whichever period in the past that takes their fancy --> leads to a refocus of evidence and sources, and also problems with forgery
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Edward Gibbon (fusion of ___ w/ ____, what century?)
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his work, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, is an example of eighteenth century antiquarianism fusion with the grander, philosophical history of early Enlightenment; it attempts to analyze the course of the decline of a civilization - most integrated and perhaps first working historian -> sought to demonstrate the complexity of historical causation
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Leopold van Ranke (quote, goal, contribution to historiography,estab history as a __?)
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"only to say, how it really was," goal: to be completely objective, biggest contribution to historiography: turning point where we started to emphasize documentation (using primary sources found in official archives); established history as a profession and the working seminar of historians - students learn from an established scholar
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Herodotus
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first Greek historian; seeks out primary sources, relies on facts rather than beliefs, historian as researcher; Father of History as well as Father of Lies - interesting stories and tidbits accepted as true; cyclical timeframe for writing history
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'Great Men' theory
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old framework with origins in the Renaissance; crude political history that narrates 'great events and passes judgment on 'Great Men' or 'Really Awful Men'
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Karl Marx
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19th century political thinker; origins in the grim conditions of the Industrial Rev.; conflict between the working class and those who own the means of production (bourgeoisie) leads to revolution; influence on historiography - social and economic circumstances affect the ways in which people think about themselves, their lives, the world around them, and thus move to action; all historians today are 'marxists' in this way
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Hegelian dialectic
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German philosopher Hegel; all ideas/debates are a dialectic; thesis -> antithesis -> synthesis
-> thesis, etc.; often used today to explain the causes and consequences of historical events and periods |
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Robert Darnton
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historian who studied 'the Great Cat Massacre'; reads the documents against the grain - whether or not the account is literally true, it nonetheless shows us a story that the writer expected to be read and understood by contemporaries -> shows how people think, the images, language, and associations they draw upon from their culture; see p. 98 - assessing the mentalité of 18th century thinking
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mentalité
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the idea of there being different 'ways of thinking' in the past; aka cultural consciousness, zeitgeist (spirit of an age); term coined by Febvre and Bloch, French historians in early twentieth century; be careful not to assume the mentalité of vast groups of people
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the Annalistes
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an approach to history (the Annales school) started by Febvre and Bloch; aims: to shift the study of history away from political events to questions of economy, society, and culture, to examine broader sweeps of history and search for deep-rooted currents in the past
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reading against the grain
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reading primary sources in a way in which its creators never intended, for meanings they never considered; essential to getting at how people thought; but be aware of the nuances of past language and don't apply modern concepts to past events
-> can be dangerously anachronistic |
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Antonio Gramsci
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anti-fascist; "cultural hegemony" - important political theory - class struggle to control the culture --> acting against economic economic self-interest b/c of the influence/manipulation of the media/ideas - becomes a universally valid dominant ideology; Marxist thinker of the early 20th century
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Providence
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God's ineffable and perfecting plan that subtly directs the course of human history; characteristic of histories from the Middle Ages
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Enlightenment
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the purpose of pursuing knowledge does not have to be to glorify God; rejection of scholasticism; scientific method -> we can draw conclusions that conflict with stab. history/beliefs; overpowering force of 'Reason' as an abstract, transhistorical phenomenon, the role of the indiv. genius, belief in the transhistorical universality of human nature
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rhetoric
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history primarily in the service of making a point; facts less important than the argument; should be persuasive and well received; produced by Romans, developed by Christians
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Medieval historians
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saw history as moving between the Creation and the second coming of Christ and Apocalypse - teleological approach; Seven Ages of mankind - in early Christian writing, they posited to have already entered the sixth age, with the seventh being the Apocalypse and the end of history
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Renaissance historians
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saw history in periods of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern; little concern with medieval period aka Dark Ages; return to classics - rhetoric and style important
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social history
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analyze the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of the general populace; influence of anthropology and sociology - assess family structures, conduct in daily life, the way they arrange and give meaning to social spaces around them
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cultural history
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great influence of anthropology; origins in late nineteenth century, like social history; patterns of thought or understanding, modes of language, rituals of life, and ways of thinking; the ways in which people think affect their relationship to society and economics/influence history's course
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political history
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focus on factual events in history, the factors of politics that led up to them - battles, political tensions or conflicting ideas, competence of rulers, strength of ideologies (monarchy v. republic), and a great degree of chance (battles)
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