Hist Ii People

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Nicholas Copernicus

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first astronomer to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology, which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.[1]
Copernicus' epochal book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), published just before his death in 1543, is often regarded as the starting point of modern astronomy

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Tycho Brahe

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Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations. Built off of Copernicus’s work

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Nzinga

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17th Century queen (muchino a muhatu) of the Ndongo and Matamba Kingdoms of the Mbundu people in southwestern Africa converted to Christianity to strengthen the peace treaty with the Portuguese and adopted the name Dona Anna de Sousa when she was baptised

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Sejong

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fourth king of the (Choson) Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He is best remembered for creating the Korean alphabet Hangul, despite strong opposition from the scholars educated in hanja (Chinese script). Sejong is one of only two Korean rulers posthumously honored with the appellation "the Great,"

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Joseph Brant

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a Mohawk military and political leader who was closely associated with Great Britain during and after the American Revolution. He was perhaps the most well-known North American Indian of his generation

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Tokugawa Ieyasu

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the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Ieyasu seized power in 1600, received appointment as shogun in 1603, abdicated from office in 1605, but remained in power until his death in 1616

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi

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was a daimyo in the Sengoku period who unified Japan. He succeeded his former liege lord, Oda Nobunaga, and brought an end to the Sengoku period. The period of his rule is often called the Momoyama period, named after Hideyoshi's castle. He is noted for a number of cultural legacies, including the restriction that only members of the samurai class could bear arms. Hideyoshi is regarded as Japan's second "great unifier."[1]

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ronin

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Masterless Samurai

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Aurangzeb

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6th Mughal Emperor whose reign lasted from 1658 until his death in 1707. Aurangzeb's reign as the Mughal monarch was marked by many wars of expansion

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Cincinnatus

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an ancient Roman aristocrat and political figure, serving as consul in 460 BC and Roman dictator in 458 BC and 439 BC.[1] similar to george washington because of being forced to revert to humble lifestyles after rule.

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Vincent Oge

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a wealthy free man of color and the instigator of a revolt against white colonial authority in French Saint-Domingue that lasted from October to December 1790 in the area outside Cap-Français, the colony's main city. The Ogé revolt of 1790 foretold the massive slave uprising of August 1791 that began the Haïtian Revolution

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First Consul

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Napoleon Bonaparte

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Louis XVIII

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was King of France and Navarre from 1814 to 1824, omitting the Hundred Days in 1815. Louis XVIII spent twenty-three years in exile, from 1791 to 1814, due to the French Revolution, and was exiled again in 1815, upon the return of Napoleon Bonaparte from Elba

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Charles X

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ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830.[1] A younger brother to Kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he supported the latter in exile and eventually succeeded him. His rule of almost six years came to an end in 1830 due to the July Revolution

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Hessians

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hired eighteenth-century German regiments in service with the British Empire that fought against American colonists during the American Revolutionary War.

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King George III

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King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of these two countries on 1 January 1801 George III suffered from recurrent and, eventually, permanent mental illness

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Bayazid I

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Nicknamed the thunderbolt, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, then Rûm, from 1389 to 1402. He was the son of Murad I[1][2] and Valide Sultan Gülçiçek Hatun who was of ethnic Greek descent.[1][3]

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Ivan IV

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Ivan the Terrible, was Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533. is associated with might, power and strictness, rather than poor performance, horror or cruelty.[2][3][4] Ivan oversaw numerous changes in the transition from a medieval nation state to an empire and emerging regional power, becoming the first Tsar of a new more powerful nation, crowned as "Tsar of All Russia”

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Selim I

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also known as "the Excellent," "the Brave" Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.[1] He was also the first Ottoman Sultan to assume the title of Caliph of Islam.

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Mamluks

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a soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim Arab caliphs from the 9th to the 16th centuries. They were of mixed ancestry but mainly Kipchak Turks. While Mamluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves

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Babur

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a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty of India. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother

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John Stuart Mill

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English philosopher, political theorist, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential Classical liberal thinker of the 19th century

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Tipu Sultan

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known as the Tiger of Mysore, was the de facto ruler of the Islamic Kingdom of Mysore from 1782 (the time of his father's death) until his own demise in 1799

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Maximilien Robespierre

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one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his arrest and execution in 1794

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Louis XIV

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known as the Sun King (French: le Roi Soleil), was King of France and of Navarre.[1] His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days, and is the longest documented reign of any European monarch.[2]

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Catherine II

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also known as Catherine the Great Under her direct auspices the Russian Empire expanded, improved its administration, and continued to modernize along Western European lines. Catherine's rule re-vitalized Russia, which grew ever stronger and became recognized as one of the great powers of Europe

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Edmund Burke

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remembered for his opposition to the French Revolution. It led to his becoming the leading figure within the conservative faction of the Whig party, which he dubbed the "Old Whigs", in opposition to the pro-French-Revolution "New Whigs"

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Le Loi

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Emperor of Vietnam and founder of the Later Lê Dynasty. Lê Lợi is among the most famous figures from the medieval period of Vietnamese history and one of its greatest heroes. Prevented chinese invasion, inder the ming empire

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Zheng He

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a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who made the voyages along with Wang Jinghong to Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Africa. Had the largest documented fleet in history(900 ships, 4 900 foot long flagships)

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Cornwallis

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a British Army officer and colonial administrator. In the United States and Britain, he is best remembered as one of the leading generals in the American War of Independence. His 1781 surrender to a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is often incorrectly considered the end of the war;

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Montesquieu

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a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Era of the Enlightenment. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers

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Nathan Hale

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soldier for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Widely considered America's first spy,[1] he volunteered for an intelligence-gathering mission, but was captured by the British. He is best remembered for his speech before being hanged following the Battle of Long Island, in which he said, "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country

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Bourgeoisie

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French, influential upper-middle class

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Akbar

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also known as Akbar the Great (October 15, 1542 – October 27, 1605) [1][2][4] was the third Mughal Emperor of India. widely considered the greatest of the Mughal emperors was thirteen years old when he ascended the throne in Delhi, following the death of his father Humayun

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Rajputs

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a member of one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups of India. They enjoy a reputation as formidable soldiers and it is common to find many of them serving in the Indian Armed Forces

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“Madame Deficit”

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Marie Antoinette. Archduchess of Austria and the Queen of France and Navarre. She was the fifteenth and penultimate child of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I. During the Reign of Terror, at the height of the French Revolution, Marie Antoinette's husband was deposed and the royal family was imprisoned. Marie Antoinette was tried, convicted of treason and executed by guillotine on 16 October 1793

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Pope Leo X

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Pope from 1513 to his death. He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. He is known primarily for the sale of indulgences to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 theses.

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Olympe De Gouges

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best known as an early feminist who demanded that French women be given the same rights as French men. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror for attacking the regime of Maximilien Robespierre and for her close relation with the Girondists

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Che Guevara

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an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, military theorist, and major figure of the Cuban Revolution. Since his death, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural symbol and global insignia within popular culture

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Patrona Halil

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was the instigator of a mob uprising in 1730 which replaced Sultan Ahmed III with Mahmud I and ended the Tulip period

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Seyyid Qutb

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an Egyptian author, educator, Islamist, poet, and the leading intellectual of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950s and '60s. Some Muslims even consider him a martyr (shahid) because of his execution by Nasser's government.

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Toussaint L’Overture

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led enslaved Africans to victory over Europeans, abolished slavery, and secured native control over the colony, Haiti, in 1797 while nominally governor of the colony

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Peter the Great

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ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V

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Vitus Bering

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a Danish navigator in the service of the Russian Navy, a captain-komandor known among the Russian sailors as Ivan Ivanovich. He is noted for being the first European to discover Alaska and its Aleutian Islands. The Bering Strait, the Bering Sea, Bering Island, Bering Glacier and the Bering Land Bridge bear the explorer's name.

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Mustapha Kemal

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a Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, and founder of the Republic of Turkey as well as its first President.

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Kangxi

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the third Emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty[1][2] and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Chinese Emperor in history and one of the longest in the world

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Qianlong

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Kangxi’s grandson, was the fifth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China.[1] The fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, he reigned officially from 11 October 1736 to 7 February 1795

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Kim Il Song

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Korean communist politician who led North Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death. He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death

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Asante

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West African kingdom, wiped out by Britain (gold coast) but before that they traided with Europeans (gold, slaves, etc)

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Janissaries

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infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops and bodyguards. The force was created by the Sultan Murad I from male Christian children levied through the devşirme system from conquered Christian countries in the 14th century

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Yongle

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third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. His era name "Yongle" means "Perpetual Happiness". He is generally considered the greatest emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and to be among the greatest Chinese emperors. moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and constructed the Forbidden City

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Zhu Yuanzhang

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temple name Taizu of the Ming, was the founder and first emperor (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty of China. His era name, Hongwu, means "great military power".

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John Calvin

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an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism

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Oliver Cromwell

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an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

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Muhammad ibn al Wahhab

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an Islamic scholar born in Najd, in present-day Saudi Arabia. Despite never specifically calling for a separate school of Islamic thought, it is from ibn Abd-al Wahhab that the term Wahhabism (radical islam) derives

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Shah Abbas I

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greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad

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Son’s of Liberty

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a secret organization of American patriots which originated in the pre-independence British North American colonies. British authorities

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Ismail

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Islamic for Abraham's eldest son and first born

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Suleiman I

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“the great”, the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent[1] and in the East, as the Lawmaker for his reconstruction of the ottoman legal system

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Kwame Nkrumah

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an influential 20th century advocate of Pan-Africanism, and the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1952 to 1966

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WEB Dubois

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an American civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, historian, author, and editor. At the age of 95, in 1963, he became a naturalized citizen of Ghana.[2]

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Singe Pieh

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a West African man of the Mende people and was the most prominent defendant in the Amistad case, in which it was found that he and 52 others had been victims of the illegal Atlantic slave trade. Led la amistad revolt

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Thomas Chamberlain

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an officer in the 20th Maine Infantry during the American Civil War, the brother of Union general Joshua L. Chamberlain, the commanding officer of the 20th Maine Infantry

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Mel Fisher

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an American treasure hunter best known for finding the 1622 wreck of the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha[1] named after a shrine in Madrid for protection.[2] He discovered the wreck July 20, 1985. The estimated $450 million cache recovered, known as "The Atocha Motherlode," included 40 tons of gold and silver; there were some 100,000 of the Spanish silver coins known as "pieces of eight", gold coins, Colombian emeralds, gold and silver artifacts, and 1000 silver bars

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Jeremy Bentham

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an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He was the brother of Samuel Bentham. He was a political radical, and a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism and his opposition to the ideas of natural law and natural rights

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Mikhail Romanov

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first Russian Tsar of the house of Romanov. He was the son of Feodor Nikitich Romanov