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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did Magellan's ship depart?
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1519
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What was different about empires after America was discovered?
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The empires were separate from the founding nation's place.
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How did Africans and Asians originally see the New World?
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Barely aware of them.
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What were the main allure goods from South and East Asia?
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Spices, Silks, and Slaves
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What was crucial to Afro-Eurasia's global economic revival after the Black Plague?
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China's Economic Dynamism.
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What were some of China's traded products?
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Rice, porcelain, silk, cotton.
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What was China's currency?
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Silver
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How did Silver affect trade at this time?
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China needed it as currency, and other countries needed China's goods.
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Where was the geographic and economic center of China's trade routes?
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India.
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What was Melaka?
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An important port city supporting Indian OCean commerce.
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What was unique about Melaka's people?
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It had no farmland and thrived exclusively as a commercial hub for world traders.
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Was caravan trade still used?
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Yes, in lower numbers.
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What was Allepo and why was it significant?
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An important caravan commercial hub.
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Why were Ottomans interested in the caravan trade?
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Because they gained considerable tax revenue from it.
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How did authorities stop raids on caravan stops?
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Paying local tribes for protection.
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What's price skyrocketed after the Black Death?
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Gold.
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Where did many people think gold was concentrated in the 14th century?
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Africa.
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What kind of maritime innovations helped improve the Portugese trade?
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Two kinds of ships: carracks and caravels
-Using Tacking -Using Muslim help. |
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What sparked Portugal's military revolution?
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Gunpowder.
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Who were the main benefactors of the discovery of Gunpowder?
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Dynastic Rulers.
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How were wars fought in this time period, as compared to before gunpowder was introduced?
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Battles were much longer and lengthier.
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Why was Africa becoming an important trading area?
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Its Islands had precious metal and sugarcane.
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Why did the Portuguese use African slave labor?
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Sugarcane mining.
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What enabled Spain and Portugal to build their first colonies?
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The sugarcane industry.
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Who was Da Gama?
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A Portugese mariner who reached the Indian ocean who went fucking nuts and mutilated people.
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How did the Portuguese assert their domain over the Indian Ocean?
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Introducing a pass system that required ships to pay for cartazes.
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What were cartazes?
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documents identifying the ships' captain, size, and cargo.
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Did Portugal interrupt South Asian trade?
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No, they just taxed it.
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Only with what did Portugal become an empire with large overseas colonies?
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America's discovery.
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What was the purpose of traveling across the Atlanta?
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For money, not land.
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Why did Ferdinand and Isabella send Columbus to America?
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The wanted riches to pay for a crusade to liberate Jerusalem.
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What were Columbus' goals?
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To Christianize the world and enrich himself.
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What group did Columbus first discover?
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The Tainos.
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What was particularly jarring to the Indians about foreigners?
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They were very hairy.
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What was a conquistador?
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Not an explorer, a conqueror.
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What were Native Americans first utilized for?
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mining gold
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What was the big society the Spanish conquered?
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The Aztecs.
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What kind of Hierarchy was present in Aztec society?
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Chief speaker elected by a comittee, he eventually became Emperor.
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What was the deal with the human sacrificing with Aztecs?
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They believed the sun god wanted hearts to keep burning and blood to make rain.
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How did the emperor of the Aztecs pacify the realm?
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Diverted more and more money into the military.
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Name the big Aztec emperor.
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Moctezuma II
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What happened after Moctezuma II became Emperor?
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Cortes arrived.
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Who was Cortes?
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A model conquistador who dominated the Aztec empire originally.
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Who was Corters' lover and what did she do?
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Dona Marina
Bore the first Mestizos. |
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What is a mestizos?
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Mixed-blooded Mexicans.
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What was the Aztec capital?
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Tenochtitlan.
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How did Cortez's relatively small army defeat the Aztecs?
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Alliance with Moctezuma's enemies.
- Aztec warfare was done to capture. -Spaniards had weapons, horses, and dogs. |
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What sparked an uprising against the Spaniards in Tenochitlan?
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A massacre of innocents.
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What did Cortes do when the massive uprising occur?
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He was gone, and when he got back, he escaped.
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What happened to Moctezuma?
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Stoned to death by his own people.
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What did Cortes do to get revenge?
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After escaping from the Aztecs, he build a lot of boats and bompared the capital.
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What ultimately defeats the Aztecs?
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Starvation, Disease, and lack of artillery.
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Where were the Incans from?
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Cuzco
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How many people lived within the Inca Empire?
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4-6 million
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The Incas were internally ____.
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split over the succession of Huayna.
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Who was Huayna?
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Incan emperor, when he died prematurely, his two sons fought over his throne.
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What killed Huayna?
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Smallpox.
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Who were the two sons that fought after Huayna's death?
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1. Huascar (official son)
2. Atahualpa (favored son) |
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Who won between the battle of Huayna's sons?
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Atahualpa
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Who was Pizarro?
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Leader of the Incan Spanish campaign, who had been inspired by Cortes' victory and wanted glory.
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Who killed Pizarro?
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A faction of encomiendas.
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What were the two repercussions of the defeat of the incas and the aztecs?
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1. Europeans had their way with the wealth of America
2. Eurpeans had a market for their own products. |
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What did the Spaniards find, besides gold and silver?
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New crops.
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What was the Columbian Exchange?
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The movements between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas of previously unknown plants and products.
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What did the Spaniards bring to the New World?
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Wheat and sugarcane.
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How much of the Indian population was wiped out?
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90 percent.
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How did the Spaniards wish to take over the New World?
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Not by dismantling the current societies, just exploiting their wealth.
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How was European colonialism different from the kind in the Indian Ocean?
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Controlling larger amounts of land, not just commercial hubs.
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Name one famous Spanish immigrant to the New World?
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Pedro de Valdivia, who became the wife of Quiroga.
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The major cities of New Spain were ___.
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Former centers of Indian empires.
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What was the Columbian exchange named after?
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Columbus.
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What was moved around due to Global Diffusion?
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Plants, Crops, Animals, People (slaves), Disease.
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What did the Columbian Exchange result in?
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Links between previously independent biological zones.
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How does the Columbia affect things?
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Permanently alters human geography and natural environment.
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What was Malacca?
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THE major trading center in the Indian Ocean for Muslims.
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Muslims in the spice trade charged ____.
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extra
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Who were the three big European explorers?
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Niccolo
Maffeo Marco Polo |
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What was "Travels"
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Polo's stories of travel, and sparked major interest in travel for Europeans.
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Why was exploration seen as profitable?
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You could cut out the Muslims from the equation.
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What were three factors in Exploration becoming interesting?
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Economic Motive
Religious Zeal of spreading gospels. Expansion of the State |
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Why were missionaries worried about spreading the gospel?
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1. Worried about peoples' souls.
2. Church was losing power, needed more followers. |
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What was the purpose of Expansion as a state enterprise?
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1. States want more territory.
2. States could take wealth from colonies. |
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What is a Metropole?
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The center of a state, controls colonies.
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What is a colony?
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Area of the metroole.
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When did Columbus take voyage and under who?
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1492, under Spain's Ferdinand and Isabella.
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Who was John Cabot?
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The explorer that founds New England.
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What did the Treaty of Tordesilla create?
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Gave Portugal more of the New World, and Spain the rest.
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Who was Henry the Navigator?
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A famous teacher of navigation who explored down the coast of Africa.
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Who began the slave trade?
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Henry the Navigator.
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What city does Vasco de Gama set up?
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Calica
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Who were super-powerful around this time?
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Spain and Portugal
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What was the Trade Triangle?
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Portgual/Spain, which goes to Africa for slave trade, then New World for sugar/gold for slaves, returning back to Portugal/Spain
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What major disease were epidemic for the New World?
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Small pox, measles, diptheria, influenza.
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Why does the world's population increase?
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Food supplies are increasing.
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What were the three big S's?
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Slaves, sugar, and Salvation
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What was an effect of high death rates for Indians?
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The need for a replenishable slave trade.
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What were most slaves?
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Prisoners or war captives.
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What was traded for slaves?
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Guns, tools, textiles.
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What kind of environmental factor was resulted in by Global Trade?
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Fur animals near extinction
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What were the 3 pillars of the church?
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Scripture
Tradition Council |
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What preceeded the Protestant Reformation?
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A crisis of famine, drought, floods, earthquakes, black plague, and the Hundred Year's War.
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What were the major factors of the Prot Reformation?
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Printing press (1450)
"National consciousness" Preasant revolts in France and England |
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Why was Pope Alexander's marriage between Ivan and Zoe significant?
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Ivan and Zoe were put together by him in order to fight against the Hapburgs and serve his own power.
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What kind of power did theb Church have before the Prot Reformation?
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All nations were under the Catholic relgion.
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Who was Charles V?
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Grandon of Ferdinand and Isabella, elected by the Pope, fights Ottomans, splits his territory.
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To whom does Charles V split his territory?
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Ferdinand and Phillip II
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While the Spanish were so powerful, what were the English doing?
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Coveting Phillip II and his Spanish Armada.
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What's the difference between a Pirate and a Privateer?
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Privateers worked for England to take Spanish gold.
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What happened to the Spanish Armada?
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It was sent to fight England, lost horrible, and England takes ALL of Spain's gold.
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Why did England become so powerful?
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It took all of Spain's gold.
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What was the impact on history of the Reformation?
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- Power of R. Catholic Church lowered
-Politicians can be any religion - Society was revitalized. |
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What does "Ad Fontes" mean?
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"Back to the Scripture"
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What was the Great Schism?
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War between Henry the 4th, and the Pope. Henry elects a new Pope.
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What was the public image of the Church?
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Weakness, poverty, and immorality.
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How was the Church like on the eve of the Reformation?
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Popes were leaders of Papal States and highly involved in politics.
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Who was Martin Luther?
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A Catholic monk who became disenchanted with the Church and wanted to reform it. He translated Scripture into German
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What were Luther's big collections?
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95 Theses
Pampletes His four reformations |
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What were the four reformations of Martin Luther?
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Solo Cristo
Solo fe Solo Scriptura Solo Gracia |
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Who were the 4 main reformers of the Church?
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Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Erasmus
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What happened when the Portugese arrived in South China?
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They got their own port there which let them trade silver to China.
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Who were the Jesuits?
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A group of Catholics that went to China, made an almagram of Confuscious and Catholicism, and were later told to stop.
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What were the 5 factors in the Ming dynasty downfall?
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Corruption
Inflation Trade Little Ice-Age Epidemic |
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Who stages the anti-Ming revolt?
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Li, the postman
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Instead of uniting Europeans, the Atlantic System did what?
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Divide them regionally.
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What was the Holy Roman Empire?
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The Habsburg dynasty.
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While the Holy Roman Empire was big, what was a negative of it?
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It never centralized its power well.
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Who was the most famous privateer for England?
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Sir Francis Drake
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What did Jean Calvin propose?
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Everyone was pre-destined to their soul fate and so the Church was unneeded.
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What was the Counter-Reformation?
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The Church's attempt to counter the Protestant reformation by affirming some tenets of truth but also emphasized greater personal spirituality.
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What are zamindars?
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decentralized tribute collectors
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