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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Jomon Period
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-First and longest (10, 000 years) period of Japanese history
-New technologies such as bows and traps allowed for improved hunting and gathering -Production of pottery -Larger communities |
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The Yayoi period
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-Second oldest period, dating from ~400 BC to 250 CA
-New technologies such as bronze casting and wood working led to agriculture -For the first time people began to rely on plant cultivation -Influenced from Korean technologies -Migration of Korean people -Greater communities, class stratification, competition for resources |
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The Kofun period
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-Named after great tombs, kofun means "old burial grounds"
-The increased status of elites was symbolized by the great size of these tombs -Horses come from Korea, shape warfare -Yamato court emerges centered on yamato kings, the court was supplied by skilled craftsmen called be |
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The Asuka and Nara periods
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-These periods, dating from the 7th-8th century, were greatly influenced by the Chinese and the Koreans
-Buddhism reaches Japan, teachings based on the Four Noble Truths -A centralized Japan developed rapidly during these periods -Most historically important capital city was Nara -The Nara period is renowned as a high point of the arts and literature -The rise of the soga |
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Soga
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-A kinship group with immigrant origins
-Pro-buddhism beliefs became victorious -Maintained control through marrying daughters to kings -The 645 Coup d'Etat wiped out the soga, led by Tenji |
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Tenji
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-With Kamatari, Tenji led the 645 Coup d'Etat, in which leading Soga were summoned to court then assassinated
-The two began a program of strengthening the throne, creating formal structures of taxation and administration and creating a more extensive palace |
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Nakatomi no Kamatari
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-With Tenji, Kamatari led the 645 Coup d'Etat in which leading Soga were summoned to court then assassinated
-The two began a program of strengthening the throne, creating formal structures of taxation and administration and creating a more extensive palace |
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Heian period
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-lasted for four centuries (late 8th-late12th)
-Long term trend of aristocracy rule after early imperial assertion -Fujiwara kinship group emerges -The estates emerged, private landholdings outside governmental control -Buddhism continued to expand and flourish -The arts also flourished, with sculptures, buildings, and paintings |
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Fujiwara no Michinaga
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-Fujiwara power at a high point under Michinaga
-Skilled in marriage politics -Fujiwara at the time were the wealthiest family in the land -Heian period |
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The Kamakura period
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-12th thru 14th century
-Period marked by the slow development of warrior power -Establishment of the Bafuku -Striking resemblances between Kamakura Japan and feudal Europe, both featuring rule by military aristocracy and local power -The Hojo come to power, taking control of the Bafaku -Mongol invasion |
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Bakufu
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-"tent government," a term that evokes military origins
-Began vassalage, defined by a personal bond of loyalty by which a warrior promised to serve a lord |
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Hojo
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-Important family in the Kamakura period
-Exercised control of the Bafaku by placing family members in key posts -Created new administrative offices (office of samurai, office of administration) |
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Zen
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-A more limited following than Buddhism, enjoyed Bafuku support
-2 monks traveled to China and brought back religious ideas and tea -Proper practice of Zen made great demands by those who practiced |
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Muromachi period
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-14th thru the 16th century
-Unusually rich and complex time in the history of Japan -Period began with Ashikaga Takauji -Zen influences resulted in greater relations with China, -Castles began to appear late in the period, as well as the use of the musket |
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The Pillow book
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-A personal literary diary by Sei Shonagon
-Filled with lush depictions of court life and snide commentaries on contemporary manners and taste -Gives a glimpse of the life during the heian period |
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Sei Shonagon
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-Writer of the Pillow Book
-Believed a priest should be hansome so that the audience will have no reason to divert their eyes and thoughts -Described court life |
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Warring states period
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-Arrival of Europeans, japan becomes part of global trade network
-Religion come with portuguese -Early warring states Japan is reunified, and foundations are laid for an orderly political system and economic growth -Hideyoshi and Oda Nobunaga |
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Oda Nobunaga
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-Inherited a territory in central Japan
-Embarked on a ruthless drive for supremacy carried out with great military and political skill -Effectively used firearms -Massacred thousands, buddhist monks |
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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-crazy
-Became one of Nobunaga's foremost generals -After Nobunaga's death, he took his place and increased his power -Through conquest, diplomacy, and manipulation he became, in effect, overlord of all of Japan -Invades Korea in hopes of creating an empire |
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
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-Appointed Shogun
-Won decisive battle marking the beginning of Tokugawa rule -Established new order, built on the work of two forceful predecessors (oda nobunaga and toyotomi hideyoshi) |
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Give a brief outline of: The development of Yayoi culture
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-Switch from hunter-gatherer societies to growing rice
-This transition came from new technologies that allowed new living patterns -Technologies first seen in southern japan, then spread |
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Give a brief outline of: The development of mounded-tomb (kofun) cuture
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-Agriculture allowed more centralization
-Agriculture allowed Yamato Kings supported by agricultural surplus -Technologies from Korean peninsula |
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Keyhole tombs
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-150, 000 of them
-built with korean technologies -Keyhole shape is thought to be a sign of allegiance of central chiefs in the Kinai region |
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Tenmu
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-Succeeds Tenji by defeating Tenji's son
-Military backing -Was not the choice of Tenji for succession |
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What was the role of Tenmu and Jito in the foundation of the early Japanese state?
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-Establishment of a permanent capital
-After first capital, Nara was new capital -The two aimed to create the domain of "Japan" -Nara became a religious center -Hierarchical structure apparent in city (richest towards center) |
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Himiko
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-A queen who temporarily "unifies" small kingdoms
-Magical powers to rule |
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Wa
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-Chinese term for the inhabitants of the Japanese archipelego
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Jito
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-Tenmu's consort who ruled in her own right after his death
-They strengthened the bureacracy, surveyed the population as a means of extracting taxes and military service -Constructed capital city |
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Kojiki
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-Japans earliest historical records
-This work narrates the divine origins and the succession of early emperors -Tells of magic, battles, and romance |
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What are the Shoen and why were they important to Japanese politics in the Heian and medieval periods?
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-Shoen: Estates
-Estates marked the beginning of land officially declared private -Gave priveleges to aristocrats such as tax exemptions, immunity from inspection by government -Important to the period because farmers could be taken over by aristocrats, who termed the farmland an estate in order to receive a tax from the farmer. In turn the farmer had to pay less taxes, because he did not have to pay the government |
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Shingon
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-"True word"
-A school, in which tradition and secret teachings passed on from master to disciple -Known as esoteric Buddhism, because only the initiated know the full truth |
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Shingon
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-"True word"
-A school, in which tradition and secret teachings passed on from master to disciple -Known as esoteric Buddhism, because only the initiated know the full truth |
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Give a brief outline of The development of the early Japanese imperial state
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-Begins in the Asuka and Nara period, in which a central capital stood as a symbol of central government
-The rise of the Soga, who promoted religion -Kamatari and Tenji lead Coup d'Etat, strengthen throne with formal structures of taxation, administration, and a formal palace -Tenmu takes over, Tenmu and Jito strengthened the bureacracy, surveyed population for taxation and military service |
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Give a brief outline of The establishment of the Kamakura Bafaku
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-Yoritomo was not a great general, but a good organizer and politician
-He organized a secure base for warrior power in the village of Kamakura -He was appointed Shogun by the emperor, and began vassalage |
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Pure Land
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-A school of Buddhism
-Named after the paradise in the West -Compared to Christian Protestantism because at the time buddhism required a middle-man to gain salvation |
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Give a brief outline of the rise of the warrior class
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-During the Heian period, central government found it to be less and less practical to raise armies
-Because equipment was costly, being a warrior remained the profession of rural elites in the estate system -These warriors kept order in the provinces -Small scale wars provided opportunities for building the strength of warrior leagues |
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Give a brief outline of the unification of Japan in the late sixteenth century
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-The imperial court was generally well led
-Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi played very important roles during this period, unifying Japan by force through military conquest -Hideyoshi kept close watch on peasants, instituting laws preventing rebellion |
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How did marriage politics at the Heian court work?
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-Intermarriage politics was key to Fujiwara power
-Placing family member to the throne -Fujiwara no Michinaga married four daughters to emperors |
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What is waka poetry and why was it important to heian aristocrats?
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-Waka: Japanese poetry
-Several different types of Waka, which reflected the importance of romance and everyday life of the aristocrats |
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Mappo
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-Third age of buddhism
-The "degenerate" age, in which people will be unable to reach enlightenment and society will become morally corrupt |
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What is mappo and why is it an important concept in medieval Japan?
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-Third age of buddhism
-The "degenerate" age, in which people will be unable to reach enlightenment and society will become morally corrupt -This was important to medieval Japan because Japanese society was so disrupted people thought that they were entering this age |
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How did the arrival of the Portuguese influence Japanese economy and culture during the warring states period?
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-The arrival of the Portuguese improved trade, as they were the "middlemen" in asian trade
-Japan became a part of the global network -Portuguese brought christianity, in which some Japanese were converted and persecuted |
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Genpei wars
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-Conflict between the Taira and Minamoto clans during the late heian period
-Established the Kamakura shogunate |
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Tales of the Heike
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-An epic account of the Genpei wars
-One of the great classics of medieval japanese culture |
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No theater
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-Performance on a polished square wooden stage open to the audience
-Not too many stage props, mostly symbolic -Music involved -All male actors, often wearing masks -Plays about a god, a warrior, a woman, a mad person, or woman |
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Nanban
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-Characterizes trade period following portuguese arrival
-Addresses views of Europeans by the Japanese, as crude and lacking hygiene |
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Onin war
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-Major turning point in Japanese history
-Curtailed the power of Ashikaga bakufu -First decade of a century of sporadic warfare |
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Francis Xavier
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-European priest
-Mutual respect between Francis and the Japanese -Helped spread Jesuit beliefs |
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Imjin war
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-Hideyoshi's invasion of Korea
-Twice, sends armies of over 100,000 -Very brutal, unnecessary |
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Daimyo
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-Powerful territorial lord
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Tendai
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-Heian buddhism
-Centered on the four noble truths |
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Saicho
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-Buddhism priest
-Traveled to China to advance his understanding of the faith -Maintained a close relationship with the court -Studied the doctrines of Tendai |
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Kukai
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-Contemporary with Saicho (buddhist priest teaching Tendai) was Kukai, founder of the other major school of buddhism known as Shingon
-Like Saicho, he founded a monastary in the mountains -His teaching of Shingon means true word, and only initiated were given the full truth |
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Cloistered emperor
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-An emperor who entered the Buddhist community
-Sometimes acted as retired emperors |
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Taira no Kiyomori
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-In conflict between the Taira and the Minamoto, Taira no Kiyomori led the military force
-Conflict left Kiyomori in a position of great power -Won conflicts and the Taira briefly triumphed before the Kamakura period |
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Nichiren
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-Religious leader whose teachings appealed widely to warriors
-Opponent to Pure Land buddhism -Was almost put to death, until lightning struck the executors sword |
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Ashikaga Takauji
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-Recieved title of shogun
-De-throned Go-Daigo |
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Ashikaga Yoshimitsu*
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-Shogun appointed when he was not even 10
-Services included administrative reform, settlement of conflicting land claims, and strengthening of shogunate's finances -Known for being a patron of the arts -Known for entertaining at the gold pavillion |
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Zeami
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-Helped establish the No drama
-Impressed Yoshimitsu when he performed, Yoshimitsu's death brought an end to the favor shown to Zeami |
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Sekigahara
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-Battle of Sekigahara effectively began Tokugawa rule
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