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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
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The "Great Powers" in 1900 |
- RussianEmpire - Germany - Austria-Hungary - UK - France - Italywas not quite a "great power" but almost |
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Dominant Political System in Europe - 1900 |
Monarchies (Not Switzerland and France though) - most countries had some kind of parliament |
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Not all monarchs had the same amount of power |
sometimes significant power, sometimes constitutional monarchy |
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British Political System 1900 |
- Constitutional Monarchy - Not all men could vote though |
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German Political System 1900 |
- Right to vote given to all adult males (for the Reichstag) - Parliament had less power than in Britain - emperor could chose chancellor |
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Politics in 1900 |
- Most adult males in Western and Central Europe were interested to some extent to politics - Liked to read and write about public affairs and politics - Politicians would often stand in front of crowds and talk for hours |
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Founders of Socialist Movement |
Marx and Engles |
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Socialist stages of history |
feudalism -> capitalism - > communism |
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Socialist stages of production |
agriculture -> industry - > industry |
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Socialist stages of dominant class |
Aristocracy -> bourgeoisie - > proletariat |
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Socialsim in 1900 |
- mostcountries of Western and Central Europe had Marxist or socialistpolitical parties - These parties often had very large membership - Leaders of these parties argued amounts themselves - Split into 2 groups |
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Socialist Split |
orthodoxMarxists vs.revisionistsocialists |
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orthodox marxists |
- Thought that history would absolutely unfold in the Marxist manner - All efforts should be put into preparing for revolution |
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revisionist socialists |
- Try to make life better for workers class while preparing for revolution - Evolutionary change is not so bad - Functionmore like a traditional political party |
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Anarchist movement |
- An apolitical movement by people who hated the established system - Believed that any form of government was morally wrong - People should live freely - Some anarchists believed that they had a moral obligation to assassinate government officials |
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Feminist movement |
- More and more women sought the right to vote - Led by middle and upper class women - Petitions and such not working - Call for more radical action - Civil disobedience taken up |
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Feminist civil disobedience |
- Chaining themselves to government buildings, - many women went to jail - Some of them took up hunger strikes - Knew this would create political issues if women started dying in jail -> sometimes they released the women, or force fed them |
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Emily Davidson |
1913 - gotinto front row of derby horse race in England - Jumped in front of one of the king's horses - Died on the race track and became a martyr |
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Assassination of Franz Ferdinand |
- June 28th 1914 - Sarajevo (Capital of Bosnia) - Bosnia was ethnically mixed and right next to Serbia - Many people of Serbian heritage - Many people thought Bosnia should join Serbia |
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Gavrilo Princip |
- Sympathetic to Serbian cause - Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his Wife Sophie - Bosnia believed that people in the government of Serbia were behind this assassination |
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Aftermath of Assassination |
- Austro-Hungarian Empire issued ultimatum - Serbian government agreed to most, but not all demands - Austro-Hungary declared war on Serbia |
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Serbia's powerful ally? |
Russian empire - Russian Empire sent troops to the border of the Austro-Hungarian Empire |
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Alliance System |
- For 30 years previous, German empire and Austro-Hungarian had been allies - In 1890s, alliance between Russia and France formed - When Russia mobilized on Austro-Hungarian, they also mobilized on German border - Germans declared war on Russia, also sent troops to France |
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Schlieffen Plan |
- Germans thought it would be easiest to conquer France first - sent troops though Belgium - Great Britain took into account that Belgium was a neutral country Great Britain took into account that Belgium was a neutral country - Declared war |
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Socialist objections to war declaration? |
- Believed in international brotherhood of working class - Working class most likely to be drafted - Why should working class fight other members of working class? |
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Invasion of France |
- Germans march through northern France - Frenchresistance strong at the river Marne - Dig trenches to avoid loosing the ground they had gained - System of trenches from English channel to Swiss border (Western Front) |
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EasternFront |
Ongoingwarfare along Russian border |
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Naval War |
- British navy attempted to blockade Germany - Prevent food from reaching Germany from neutral countries - Germansretaliated with U-Boats |
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Central Powers |
Germany, Austro-Hungary, Ottoman Turkey |
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Entente |
Great Britain (and empire), France, Russia |
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Lusitania (1915) |
- Many Americans were travelling to Europe, however these ships were vulnerable to U-boats - Lusitania attacked by U-boats - Around100 Americans drowned - Ended U-boat warfare (Germans brought it back in 1917) |
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Zimmermantelegram |
- 1917 - Tried to gain support of japan - Tried to persuade Mexican telegram to wage war on the US - offered German support - thought US would be too preoccupied to join war - British government decoded this telegram - Great source of outrage in the US |
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US declares War on Germany |
April 1917 |
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Russian Revolution date |
March1917 |
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BolshevikRevolution |
- Bolsheviks wanted to get out of the war at any cost - At this point, German armies were occupying much of the Russian empire |
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Treatyof Brest-Litovsk |
- March1918 - Treaty of surrender with Germany - Russia surrendered occupied parts of Russian Empire to Germany - Seemed to be victory for Germany on the Eastern Front - Still stalemate on the western front until Americans came |
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Rosa Luxemburg(1871-1919) |
- socialist - born in German Poland - became well-known as a public speaker |
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German SocialDemocratic Party Split |
- 1917 - Splits into Majority Social Democrats and Minority Social Democrats |
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MajoritySocial Democrats |
After Nov. 1918 participate in government |
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MinoritySocial Democrats |
- Spartacists (symbol of the weak overthrowing the strong) - Rosa Luxembourg = one of the leaders - Communists |
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Russian Revolution |
- Began in Feb 1917 - Food shortages, frustrated with the war - Czar Nicholas II ordered generals to break up demonstrations - Romanoff dynasty abdicated and provisional government put in place - People would vote for representatives to create new constitution - Bolshevik faction began to aggressively denounce the existing government - advocated for complete overthrow of the system - October revolution in November 1917 |
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Russia - 1918 |
- October Revolution - Constituent assembly - Vast majority of representatives elected were social revolutionaries - Wanted change but not outright Marxist revolution - Met in January - Bolshevik guards disbanded meeting - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ( Would rather give up Russian empire than continue imperialist war) |
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Russian civil war |
1918-1920 - Many opposed to Bolshevik takeover of power - Enormous bloodshed - Bolsheviks won |
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End of WW1 |
- German generals realizing that Germany could not win war - Kaiser Wilhelm II was not interested in negotiation - Woodrow Wilson said he was only interested in peace talks if Kaiser was not in power - PrimeMinister could not convince the Kaiser to Abdicate but announced it anyways |
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Germany timeline |
Nov. 1918 - revolution begins, kaiser abdicates, republic proclaimed Jan 1919 - spartacist uprising, election for national assembly, women get right to vote Feb 1919 - National assembly meets in Weimar to write constitution, Many democratic features and freedoms |
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After the armistice |
- war not over - blockades still in place - Needed peace treaty |
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Paris Peace Conference |
- 1919 - Allies gathered in Paris to decide on the treaty - Germany not given part in negotiation - Most of the decisions made by Britain, France, and America - Resulting treaty extremely punitive - Reluctantly signed by Germany |
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Treaty of Versailles |
June 28 1919 Signed in the hall of mirrors ( German empire first proclaimed in the hall of mirrors after the French lost the Franco-Prussian war ) |
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Pyrrhic Victory |
1918 - even though France was victorious, it felt like a hollow win - 1.4million dead and missing, 1 million disabled |
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Locarnoaccords |
1925 - Series of accords signed by Germany, Belgium, France, GB, and Italy - Confirming Germany's western boundary - Demilitarizing the Rhineland - Hitler breaks the Locarno accords in 1936 |
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Briand-Kelloggpact |
1928 - Treaty to never use war again to settle a national dispute |
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Why did people accept dictatorships with such little resistance |
- already used to it - going back to a system that they had already experienced - Parliamentary democracy associated with political instability |
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Karlis Ulmanis |
- Dictator of Latvia, 1934-1940 - After the war, Latvia became and independent country - Became leader of the farmer's political party - Suspended parliament "temporarily" - Became authoritarian dictator - little resistance |
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Post-war economy |
- Adjustment from wartime production to peacetime production - Returning soldiers needed jobs (High unemployment) - Some countries suffered extreme inflation - Structural problems based on war debts, reparations, and isolationism - United States government had made huge loans to Britain and France to help them defeat Germany After the war, British and French needed to pay the Americans back Got much of this from the reparations from the German government |
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US had previously considered to be an isolationist country |
- Refused to ratify the treaty of Versailles - Was not part of the League of Nations - However, they did expect the war debts to be paid |
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Many people were angry and resentful |
Countries that lost the war e.g. Germany but also countries who won e.g. France and Italy |
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Weimar Republic |
1918-1933 - Capital in Berlin |
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Paul von Hindenburg |
- President of the Weimar Republic - Mostly a figurehead - Job was to select the chancellor - While normally the government is run be the Chancellor and the parliament, in case of Emergence, the president could issue decrees until government could organize |
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Reichstag |
- Germany elected with a proportional representation system - Votes for the parties - percentage of votes corresponding the number of party members in parliament - Manylarge parties, usually 6-8+ large parties - Never clear majority in Weimar republic - Leader of largest party would usually try to for coalition |
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HermannMüller |
- Chancellor after 1928 Election - Socialist - Resigned in 1929 - couldn't deal with the great depression |
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Heinrich Brüning |
- became chancellor after muller resigned in1929 - Also could not get coalition support - Brüning drafted emergency decree for Hindenburg to sign (to pass a budget) - still did not have enough support after 1930 election - Continued to draft emergency decrees and get the president to sign them |
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ZinovievLetter |
- reportedin the Daily Mail in October 1924 - Zinovievhad written a letter saying that people should support the Labour party becausethey would be friendly to Russia, and would have a pro-communist policy - Eventuallyrevealed that the letter was made up - still prompted leadership change in the UK - Baldwin came to power |
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Sir Oswald Mosley |
1930s - Emerged the leader of the "new" party - Name quickly changed the fascist party - Staged large demonstrations - Anti-semetic speeches - British public opinion rejected this |
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Two section in Spin in which a large number of inhabitants were not Spanish |
Catalonia, Basques |
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Jarrow March |
1936 197 men |
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Amritsar Massacre |
April 13 1919 |
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Stavinsky Affair |
1934 |
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Spanish Civil War |
1936-1939 |
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Night of the Long Knives |
June 30 to July 2 1934 |
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Reichstag Fire |
Feb 27 1933 (Hitler blamed communists) |
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March on Rome |
October 1922 |
