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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where did the voyage of the King Pepple begin and to which two ports did it travel? |
Liverpool- Bonny (Nigeria)- Montego Bay (Jamaica) |
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What was the name of the small book that surveyed vessels in the 1790s? |
Loyd's Register of Shipping |
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What was the name of the ship-husband for the King Pepple in 1791, a well known figure in Liverpool folklore? |
Captain Boates |
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What was captain Boates famous for? |
Supposedly capturing a Spanish trade ship in the 1780s containing gold |
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Who was the captain of the 1791 King Pepple? |
Thomas Briscoe |
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Which if the slave trades is said to be the least documented and why is that so? |
The British- because it was mainly run by merchants rather than private organisations or monopolies. |
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What does the word 'Pepple' mean? |
The word derives from Peploe, which was the name of an African family dynasty, specifically in Nigeria |
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What does the term 'sC' stand for? |
sheathed in copper |
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What did the copper sheathing on vessels primarily protect against? |
Teredo shipworms |
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What was the name of the currency used in Africa at the time of the Pepple's voyage (1790s)? |
Manilla |
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what was the primary foodstuff in the slave trade? |
Yams |
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how many months did the voyage of the Pepple last? |
9 and 1/2 months |
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Which profession aboard a typical slaving vessel had the highest mortality rate? |
Surgeon |
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How many voyages in total did Thomas Briscoe undertake? |
5 |
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What was the name of the British navy surgeon aboard the HMS Dryad in 1833? |
Peter Leonard |
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What was the name of the Nigerian King who negotiated anti-slave trade treaties with the British and was deported to Britain in 1854? |
WIlliam Dappa Pepple |
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Why did the Pepple not buy coffee or sugar on its journey? |
The ship left before they were in season, ordered to come home immediately. |
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Of the main world slave trades, which was the biggest? |
The transatlantic |
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Place the world slave trades in order from largest to smallest. |
Transatlantic Trans-Saharan Indian Ocean (Arab) Old World Medieval |
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What was a key point of the Trans-Saharan slave trade? |
By value, African exports of gold, spices, dyewoods and ivory more valuable than exports of enslaved people from 1450-1700 |
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What was the name of the ship that rescued 95 slaves off the coast of Zanzibar in 1869? |
The HMS Daphne |
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Which location is deemed the centre of the Medieval slave trade> |
The Crimean Peninsula |
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Where did the Portuguese establish a sugar plantation complex in 1490 |
Sao Tome (Saint Thomas) |
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Where in Brazil was a sugar plantation complex developed between 1530 and 1570? |
Pernambuco |
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What major factor contributed to the shift from trading mainly goods to more enslaved Africans? |
Increased European demand for plantation commodities like sugar and cotton which spurned the rise of plantation complexes |
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In which century did sugar reach Brazil? |
the 17th |
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What was the name of the shell used often as a form of currency in certain areas of Africa during the slave trade? |
The Cowrie Shell |
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What was the major trading good produced in India? |
Cotton |
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What was the name of the slaving ship used by abolitionists to show the immorality of the slave trade? |
The Brookes |
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what was the name of the abolitionist who created the anti-slavery medallion featuring the words- 'Am I Not a Man and a Brother?' |
Josiah Wedgwood |
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What were the 8 main African regions involved in the transatlantic slave trade |
In order from top to bottom of the African West Coast: Senegambia Upper Guinea Windward Coast Gold Coast Bight of Benin Bight of Biafra West Central South East (on the South East coast obviously, not the West) |
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What is the significance of the date "1520" in the transatlantic slave trade? |
No enslaved Africans came to the Americas directly from slaving vessels until this date |
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Between 1520 and 1729 what was the average number of enslaved Africans per slaving voyage organised by monopoly company? |
350 |
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Between 1520 and 1729, what was the average number of slaves per voyage organised by private merchants? |
291 |
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What percentage of the slave trade occured between: a) 1520-1729 b)1730-1867 |
a) 28% b) 72% |
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Where did 85% of Portuguese/Brazilian voyages begin between 1730-1867? |
Brazil |
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What was the largest slaving port in the atlantic world? |
Saint-Paul deLoanda |
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What was the name of the slaving fort established by the English in Ouidah in the mid 18th century? |
Fort William |
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Describe the first event of the transatlantic slave trade |
1440s: Portuguese vessels landed at Rio de Oro and seized some nomadic Berbers |
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What was the other name for Malguetta pepper? |
Grains of Paradise |
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What does Sierra Leon mean? |
Lion Mountains or Wild Mountains |
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What does the term Lancados refer to? |
Portuguese-African middlemen on the African coast |
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What was the name of the early slaving vessels, known for having lateen sails and being great for exploration? |
Caravels |
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Where were the first enslaved Africans marketed and sold? |
Lagos, SW Portugal |
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What was the first European trading post built off the African coast? |
Arguim off the coast of Mauritania. |
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Which was the only African region to have its King convert to Catholicism and operate under the catholic faith during the transatlantic slave trade? |
The Kingdom of Kongo |
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What was the name of the treaty that reserved Guinea for portuguese merchants in 1494? |
The Treaty of Tordesillas |
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What did Friar Manzanedo of Hispaniola demand of Charles V in a famous letter in 1518? |
He demanded that the citizens of Hispaniola be given a license to be able to import blacks because he felt the Indians were an insufficient labour force to sustain them in the island. |
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Which place in South America developed a sugar complex in the 1530-1570s partially via capital from Sao Tome? |
Pernambuco |
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Roughly how many Africans were trans-shipped to Peru between the 1520s and 1640? |
40,000 |
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What did Spain formalize in 1595 in order to ship slaves to Veracruz and Cartagena? |
Their asiento (contract) system |
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What factor contributed to an increased labour demand in Peru in the 1570s? |
The development of the silver mines of Potosi |
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Who were the two Spanish missionaries that wrote about the Africans they ministered in the 17th century? |
Alfonso de Sandoval and Pedro Claver |
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Outline the different periods of control of the Spanish Asiento system |
1595-1640: Portuguese controlled 1662: sold to Italian merchants, then licenses sold to Dutch and English companies 1702-1713: French 1713-1739: English |
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What was the Dutch 'Grand Design' (or plan) between 1621 and the 1630s? |
- capture key trading gold and slave-trading forts in Africa - capture plantation colonies - capture small entrepots in the caribbean |
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When did the last transatlantic slave trade ship arrive in Cuba? |
1867 |
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In what year did each of these countries abolish the slave trade? which of these had it reinstated and in what year? France Denmark Britain USA |
France: 1794, reinstated in 1815, ended again in the 1830s Danish: 1802 USA and BRI: 1807 |
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What effect did interlopers have on monopoly trading companies? Give an example of a company |
They eroded monopoly privellages, e.g- English Royal African Company 1698, 1713 |
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What was the nickname given to interlopers? |
10 percent men |
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What percentage of duty was asked for to help pay for slaving castles? |
10% |
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Rank these ports in terms of most number of voyages: Nantes Bristol Rio de Janeiro |
Bristol Nantes Rio de Janeiro |
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Which English company used the Spanish asiento system between 1713-1739? |
South Sea Company |
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Which two Liverpool merchants attained the Spanish asiento in 1783? |
John Dawson and Peter Baker |
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Of the North American ports involved in slaving from 1645-1808 which saw the most slaves embark? |
Rhode Island, 56% of all 200,000 |
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Which US state had the majority of the slave trade from 1730-1808 |
Rhode Island |
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Which three men wrote books on the Rhode Island slave trade? |
James DeWolf, Samuel and William Vernon |
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Who wrote "A political survey of Britain" in 1775? |
John Campbell |
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What point of significance had occured by the 1780s in the West Indies? |
all unoccupied lands had been cultivated |
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Why was their descent against coffee in Britain when it was first introduced? |
Frenchification, they feared it would turn men into lazy cowards |
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What slaving technigue helped expand and rapidify production as plantation agriculture diversified? |
Regimented slave gang labour |
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What were the two biggest cash crop frontiers circa 1700? |
Jamaica and Haiti |
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Which West Indian nation became the world's leading sugar producer in 1735? |
St. Dominigue |
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What were the 4 main cash crops in the West Indies? |
coffee, sugar, indigo and cotton |
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Which country saw a rise in the slave trade between 1791-1867? |
Cuba |
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Which nation was producing 40% of the worlds sugar circa 1875? |
Cuba |
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When was slavery abolished in Cuba? |
Between 1880-1886 |
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Which inventions stimulated the rise in sugar production in Cuba in the 19th century? |
Steam Mills, trains, steamboats |
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What was the largest urban slave rebellion and what inspired it? |
The Bahia rebellion of 1835, inspired by Muslim teachers |
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What was a key method of payment in the financing of the slave trade? |
Bill of Exchange |
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What was another name given to slaving vessels? |
Guineamen |
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Which 1830s American slaver carried numerous 'flags of convenience'? |
The Diligent |
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What happened to the Diligent in 1837? |
- Captured by HMS Scout and condemned in Sierra Leone - then sold to an american agent - who sold it to a Cuban trader - then changed owners and names twice more - capture by HMS pearl in 1838 - finally broken up in Bermuda |
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Who 'discovered' Guinea stores in Liverpool 1787? |
Thomas Clarkson |
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What were the 9 categories of trading cargoes? |
1) East India Textiles 2) Manchester Textiles 3) Bar Iron 4) Hardware 5) Beads 6) Cowries 7) Arms 8) Gunpowder 9) Liquor |
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Which Liverpool captain made several journeys on the "Dalrymple" between 1768 and 1777? |
Capt Fairweather |
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What do the people of Igbo wear as a symbol of authority, culture and tradition? |
A red cap |
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During the trade, goods were sometimes paid for with rods of what? |
copper |
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The term 'pipes' relates to which slave trade currency? |
Beads |
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What was the name of the shell used as currency in the slave trade? |
Cowrie |
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What was seen as 'an essential item in all slaving barters'? |
Gunpowder Kegs |
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What type of commision did captains earn on slave sales in the Americas? What about on the African coast? |
American: supercargo (4-6%) African Coast: Coast commision |
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Which British captain was tried for the murder of 2 female black slaves in 1792? |
John Kimber |
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Who was surgeon on the Brookes from 1783 to 1784? |
Thomas Trotter |
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What was promised to slave surgeons in their contracts? |
- 4-5 pound per month wages - 1-2 'privilege slaves' - 1 shilling per slave delivered alive |
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What was the average cost of outfitting a Liverpool slaving vessel in 1770? |
5000 pounds |
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Who wrote "Polyglotta Africana" in 1854? |
Sigismund Koelle |
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Which were the 5 largest African slaving ports, ranked in order of largest to smallest? |
Luanda Ouidah Benguela Bonny Old Calabar |
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What were the 4 main towns making up Old Calabar? |
Creek Town, Old Town, Duke Town, Henshaw Town |
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What 2 dialects did African merchants at Old Calabar speak? |
Efik and 'trade english' |
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Describe the sociopolitical structure of Old Calabar |
they had 3 kings - head of civil govt - head of religion - head of the law |
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Who was installed as Obong of Calabar in 2008 and then controversially removed? |
Edidem Bassey Ekpo Bassey |
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What is the meaning/significance of the word Ekpe? |
Ekpe was a society in Calabar, a cult to which all elite men belonged |
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What were the 3 trading networks of the Efik merchants? |
- upper cross river (to Ododop) - middle cross river (to Itu) - lower cross river (to big town) |
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Which old calabar crop coordinated with slave exports in terms of seasonality? |
Yams |
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Which 1770 item symbolises the connection of Bristol to Old Town? |
The bell gifted from Thomas Jones to Grandy Robin John of Old Town Calabar |
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What were the main transatlantic trade areas for each of the calabar towns? |
Duke town = Liverpool Creek Town = French ports Old Town = Bristol, London, French ports |
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which place in Africa was described as a 'wholesale market for slaves?' |
Bonny |
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In a European context, what was a 'tender'? |
An auxiliary sloop or schooner to a larger ship |
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In an Efik context, what was a tender? |
It described the hierarchical relationship between two captains who commanded vessels owned by the same firm |
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What was the name of the ship said to have thrown hundreds of sick slaves overboard, a case that was brought to trial in 1783? |
The Zong |
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What was the apparent reasoning for sharks to follow ships along the middle passage? |
that they anticipted slaves being thrown overboard |
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What was the name of the surgeon aboard the Brooks who wrote about slaves being packed spoonways under deck? |
Thomas Trotter |
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Who wrote of their experience upon a slaving vessel on which they felt that had gotten into a world of bad spirits and subsequently fainted? |
Olaudah Equiano |
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Who made logbook entries aboard the Unity, talking of insurractions in 1777? |
Captain Robert Norris |
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What was the name of the meal cooked on the Gold Coast consisting of indian corn boiled to a sauce and then added to with fish, meat, salt and pepper? |
Dabadab |
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What were the per/slave food allowances in each of these areas? Upper Guinea Gold Coast Bight of Biafra |
UG= 2 lbs rice per day GC= 15-20 corn stalks per day BoB= 3 and 1/2 yams per day |
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What was considered the healthiest region in the slave trade? |
gold coast |
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what was considered the deadliest region during the slave trade? |
Bight of Biafra |
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what are the two types of dysentery? |
Bacillary and Amoebic |
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What explains the decline in slave mortality from the late 18th century? |
reducing outbreaks of smallpox via innoculation, also general move to reduce epidemics in the slave trade |
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who came up with the smallpox vaccination? |
Edward Jenner |
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Order these areas and methods of currency in terms of who used what: Barbados Jamaica Leeward Islands Sugar Silver coin Bills of Exchange |
Barbados used all 3 Jamaica: sugar and silver coin L Isands: just sugar |
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What was a 'scramble' in terms of the sale of slaves? |
Black slaves would be placed in a large pen, the gate to which would be open at an agreed upon time, at which buyers would have a made scramble to grab the slaves they wanted before someone else could grab them |
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Who describes his purchase of slaves at at Egyptian plantation in 1761? |
Thomas Thistlewood |
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what were diseased sailors left to die on the shore called? |
wharfingers |
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Where in North America was there a smallpox epidemic that effected 75% of the towns population? |
Charlestown, South Carolina |
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When did yellow fever arrive in Barbadoes? |
1647 |
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What is the name of the mosquito that lived/bred in water casks and spread yellow fever across the slave trade? |
Aedes aegypti |
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Where was a settlement set up but then abandoned by the British in 1792? |
Bolama |
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in what year did yellow fever reach Philadelphia and break out in an epidemic? |
1793 |
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What is a creole and what is a mulatto? |
A creole is a person born and bred in America, a Mulatto is someone of mixed African-European descent |
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What is creolization? |
The blending of African and American culture |
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whats the difference between Pidgin and Creole language? |
Pigin = simplified version of a language Creole = blend of words/gramatical structures from different languages |
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What is the name of the famous painting in which a woman plays a Shegureh? |
'The Old Plantation' |
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What coloured animal always features in Haitian Vodoo? |
Black Pig |
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what is the black rice hypothesis? |
that Africans created the rice plantation economy of South Carolin and Georgia |
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what two areas were known for having slaves adept at rice cultivation? |
Sierra Leone and the Windward Coasts |
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What is the evidence towards the black rice hypothesis being feasible? |
- rice culture indigenous to Africa - West Africans had developed mangrove or tidal flood plain rice cultivation - workforce cultivating rice for export in Carolina always black - Maroon slaves cultivated rice - African rice cooking/cultivating process similar to those in the New World |
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What are the three quantitative facts about Carolina's rice trade that refute popular notions? |
Carolina did'nt puchase a disporportionate number of slaves from rice-growing regions of Africa- 20% less than other colonies pre 1751 Carolina planters didn't purchase a disproportionate number of women- 20% less than other colonies There was not a demand premium for women from West African rice growing regions.- same price as in other colonies |
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When was the first slave voyage direct from Africa to the Americas? |
1525 |
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when did sugar exports from Eastern Caribbean begin? |
1641 |
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Who wrote to ‘Friends beyond sea, that have Blacks and Indian Slaves’ to remind them that Quakers who owned slaves should be merciful and should remember that God ‘hath made all Nations of one Blood', in 1657? |
George Fox |
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In what year were quakers in all British colonies banned from owning slaves? |
1761 |
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Which quaker wrote the historical account of Guinea? |
Anthony Benezet |
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Who freed slaves to fight for Britain in the revolutionary war in 1775, in what was known as the first emancipation? |
Lord Dunmore |
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What was the first US state to ban slavery in its constitution? |
Vermont |
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What did the 1780 act for the gradual abolition of slavery in Pennsylvania do? |
- banned further importation of slaves - made slaves registered - declared that all children born would be considered free peoples (free womb law) |
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What had an effect on the plummet of the British slave trade from 1778-1780? |
Rev war |
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Name some of the early factors that started the abolitionist movement? |
- Britain losing War of Independence - Quaker "meeting for sufferings" - Zong incident 1781 Clarkson's essay on Slavery and commerce of the Human species (1785) |
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Who was described as being the moral steam engine, or the Giant with one idea? |
Thomas Clarkson |
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What did 'Dolben's Act' do? |
limited the number of slaves carried per ton and required certified surgeons on board British slavers |
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What did the ammendments to 'Dolbens Act' ensure? |
regulated crew provisions and African on-shore duties |
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Who asserted popular pressure against slavery through petition campaigns? |
Seymour Drescher |
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What did the foreign slave trade abolition bill promise? |
That it would prevent British shipping slaves to foreign territories, such as French West Indies |
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What were 3 key abolitionist successes between 1810-1817? |
- British-Portuguese agreements - Congress of Vienna - 1817 'right to search' |
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Which mixed commission court tried the most cases for African liberation? |
Freetown |
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What did Britian do in 1819 to enforce abolition treaties? |
Created the African naval squadron |
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Who said this of the slave trade: The slave trade ‘is more horrible than those who have not had the misfortune to witness it can believe, indeed no description I could give would convey a true picture of its baseness and atrocity’ |
Sir George Ralph Collier |
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Which ship of the African naval squadron captured 16 slaving ships between 1827-1829? |
HMS Sybille |
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What factors made anti-slavery enforcement difficult between 1817-1831? |
- France: lax enforcement - Expansion in Cuba (sugar, coffee) - Expansion in Brazil (coffee) |
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name some of the equipment clauses which allowed the British to legally capture vessels under suspicion of slavery? |
- hatches with open gratings - divisions below deck - spare planks for platforms - shackles, bolts, handcuffs - lare boiler - large quantities of food/water |
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Who took over as the new moral engine for abolition? |
Thomas Foxwell Buxton |
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Who established the 'new Africa policy'? |
Buxton |
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What occured in 1841 that increased British interest/presence in Niger Delta? |
the Niger expedition disaster |
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Who was captain of the HMS wanderer and shelled and burned barracoons on the banks of the Gallinas river? |
Joseph Denman |
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What did the 1845 Lord Aberdeen Act allow? |
The Royal Navy to stop and search suspicious Brazilian ships |
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What was the ship captured in 1860 holding 897 slaves, mostly children? |
The Erie |
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Who was hanged in NYC 1862 for being engaged in the slave trade? |
Nathaniel Gordon |
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what factors influenced the Portuguese/Brazilian abolition? |
- British financial/gunboat diplomacy - New Brazilian govt enforced abolition |
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what factors influenced Spanish/Cuban abolition? |
US navy joining the British in the Caribbean for policing - Abe Lincoln becoming president in 1860 - Right of search treaty; US northern ports closed to Cubans - US-BRI alliance - slave trade discredited after the US Civil War defeated southern slavery in 1865 |
