Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Impact of French Revolution on Germany
|
-Aust/Prus scared that revolution would come, executions like the terror, so they go to war with France
-spread of liberal ideas among people, which the ruling classes had to combat -spread of nationalism, and nationalistic wars, fighting for a purpose |
|
|
Impact of Napoleonic rule on Germany...Prussian Reform Moevment
|
-Reform so no wide revolution, try to modernize from the top down.
-Humboldts start university and stress on education, not for practical purposes but for learnings sake -Reorganization of military, get rid of hazing, only Prussian recruits -property reform, serf "freedom" |
|
|
Why was there a Rhineland Confed instead of a total unfied state, not French Revolt
|
-too many cultural and political divisions in Germanic cities/nations
|
|
|
Significane of Metternich during Vienna COngress
|
-Austrian prime minister, wanted to protect Hapsburg interests
-Wanted a confederation, larger states with massive power, Austria at the head -Congress needed to decide how to divide/draw lines of Germany -Led to German Confed, loose association of 39 states. Before was over 1800. |
|
|
Burschenschaften?
|
-Student fraternities in the 1820's-30's dedicated to united liberal Germany.
-Metternich used this liberal alarm to pass repressive laws of press and education |
|
|
Holy Roman Empire
|
-old school empire that Europe was divided into before the French revolution. All absolutist monarchs, except for "England"
|
|
|
Why didn't Germany follow the french revolt?
|
-Population to poor to revolt, things weren't that bad
-Germany was fragmented culturally and nationally, no "third" estate like in France |
|
|
von Clausewitz
|
-Theory of modern warfare
-War is a political instrument to institute goals, not just to defeat the enemy. Fighting for a set of ideas. Napoleon’s claiming of goals were abolition of aristocracy and institute of meritocracy-freedom, liberty, equality. -Said another major difference the ability to mobilize, which will eventually lead to total war-all resources, people |
|
|
New things that took shape in regards to nations after French Revolt?
|
-nationalism starts to develop
-universal conscription used in France, soon to other nations -Fear of liberalism spreads to monarchies across Europe |
|
|
Sclussakte
|
-Repressive laws Metternich helped to pass in 1830's, confirmed conservatism of confed.
-Religious freedom abolished -Can intervene in states affairs -Started to fuck with dissidents |
|
|
Zollverein
|
-Customs union between states, lower taxes between them, helped to strengthen the German/Prussian participants, but Austria excluded. Helps to strengthen Prussian dominance over German affair
-helped create tarriff wall, strengthen internal Germany |
|
|
Russian/German Campaign Napoleon
|
-napoleons gets his ass kicked in Russia, then gets beat at Leipzig, battle of nations
-Then beat at Waterloo, he's done |
|
|
Vienna Congress
Goals? Players? |
-Stability and legitamacy
-Metternich dominating for Austria, Karl von Hardenburg Final result: German Confederation |
|
|
Liberalism at the time
|
-Believed in ideals of French Revolution. Growth must take place in free society
-Purpose:remove political/artistic shackles -Economic: free trade, manufacture -pol:old rules confining, true value was in creativity |
|
|
Conservatism at the time
|
-man only existed within society, product of circumstances
-state was an organism -Favored monarchy, and aristocracy and church was important |
|
|
Metternich's attempts to stop liberalism at the time
|
-supression of Burshenshaften
-Press censorship -schlussakte -monitoring of univ. professors -supression of nationalism (unity/blood) |
|
|
Was Metternich successful?
|
-moderately. He might have stopped it at the time, but it boiled over with the revolutions of 1848, although it failed. It still happened. The turn that failed to turn..
|
|
|
Causes of 1848 Revolution
|
-Calls for national unity and constit. change. End of pol/press opression
-Agarian/social economic crisis, famines crop shortages -credit and bank failures lead to a depression -beginnings of political parties |
|
|
crises of 40's, 48 revolution
|
-bad agricultural harvests
-emigration of much rural population to the US -Increasing unrest by handicraft workers as a result of industrialization. Guilds to factory system |
|
|
Why splits between liberals and democrats in 48 revolutions?
|
moderate liberals saw the revolutions as over after March ministries appointment, wanted to draft constitutions, with reason and moderation.
the leftist democrats wanted radical changes. Wanted to set up a government along American lines |
|
|
Problems Frankfurt Liberals encountered with a unified Germany?
|
-No guidelines on how to set up legislative bodies, and no consistent majority to achieve consensus.
-Not truly a unified state, and many competing sectors of power. Many independent states -No money and no army -unclear boundary lines -Any unification would require international consent |
|
|
Engels?
Marx? |
-Engels was influenced by Hegel’s notion of the dialectic=things change over time. He though the way that things clash is the clash of ideas. Each clash, and then merge and create a new one, and so on. He didn’t see it as totally ideological, but materially (class conflict)…dialectical materialism.
-Marx said French Revolution was class driven. All history is dominated not by the clash of ideas, but the clash of classes. Called communism, scientific socialism-because you can history as the evidence. SDP=marx party |
|
|
Chronology of 48 Revolt
|
-Feb 1848-Parisians mount barricades and protest French king Louis Phillipe
-Mar, protests in Vienna (anti-Metternich) and Berlin (fires on the crowds). Munchen protests beer prices -A parliament convenes to decide how to proceed |
|
|
Radowitz plan
What actualy follows? |
-Prussia doesn't totally reject forming a constitution, still wants a kleindeut. with Austria out.
-Libs saw it as a + step, demo. say fuck that. -Don't want war, Austro-Prussian union again, with a constitution. Repressive policies reenacted. |
|
|
Why did 48 revolutions fail?
|
-Kleindeut. wins out, with Prussia taking the lead.
-Eventually had to settle to offer a parliamentary monarchy, which is refused. Prussia and Austria counterrevol with military and destroy all remaining revol. -Revolutionaries themselves were divided on how to proceed, lost support of the peasantry. Grossdeut. was a waste of time, because it wasn’t possible -Ruling classes still had most power. Army remained loyal |
|
|
Consitutional crisis 1863
|
-William wants parliament to pass army reform regulations and how to pay for them favoring Prussia. Liberals want reform of contitution. Rather than do this, Bismarck appointed
-Orig. wants to work with them, but William want nothing to do with it. -Bismarck appoints new minister, and solves it |
|
|
Bismarck and Southern Germany
|
-South political divided could not set up a confederation.
-In order to prep their eventual unity with the north, they set up economic and political links, to make it irrestable to join the north. People were still wary of it, and it failed |
|
|
Effects of Austro-Prussian War
|
-Defeats Austria, sets up kleind. and forces them totally out of german politics forever, Prussia dominance. Austria
-Sets up North German Confederation -Haps weakened, Hungary demands equality -Hapsburg's shift focus from there to the Balkans |
|
|
How does Bismarck get south to accept unification
|
-As a result of Franco-Prussian War, gets southern states to finally join, out of fear that they would have peace with the French. Makes concessions to do with it
-Must get approval before declaring war from the Bundesrat -Vote of 14 instead of 2/3 made it so states could block an amendment -Concessions to allow maintain own taxation, post offices, and armies in peace time |
|
|
Danish War?
Austro-Prussian war? |
-1864, dispute over the crown over area of Denmark
-Dispute between the two victors (Austria, Prussia) argued over how to govern territories. -Divided members of German Confed over who to side with. Key battle: Battle of Konigsgratz |
|
|
Franco-Prussian War
|
-Last war of unification
-dispute over possibility of relative of the Hohenzollern family becoming the King of Spain -France objected. Sent Ambassador to get assurance this wouldn’t happen. -Ems telegram sent: Worded telegram to make it sound like the King had been insulted by the ambassador, and the king had snubbed the ambassador (piss French off) -War ensues. Siege of Paris. Paris commune (communist govt.) Prussia destroys it. -After siege, Proclamation of German Empire. Jan 1871. William I accepts the crown. -“parliament”, but the monarch held all of the power. |
|
|
Friedrich Nietzche
|
-crucially criticized Imperial Germany, its modernism and factory profile as soulless and shitty. Was not a nationalist, but became a poster boy for the new anti-modernist, volkish ideology
|
|
|
Bismarck Domestic Policies, 71-90
Anti-Catholic legislation |
-Worried about the loyalty of Catholics to the Prussian crown
-Clergy must register with state authorities -Catholic (party) international nature, but he was more worried more about socialists/communists |
|
|
Bismarck Domestic policies
Anti-Socialist |
-Prohibit public gatherings of Social Democrats
-Prohibiting the sale of socialist publications -However, there was still an allowing socialists to be elected to the Reichstag (lower house of Parliament meant that they could continue as a party). -Misc: Parties were cradle to the grave…hardcore adherence. -Led to protests against Anti-Soc. Legislation, 78-90 |
|
|
Bismarck social legislation (to stop socialist uprisings)
|
-attempting to curb socialists, new safety nets
•Workers, employers, govt. would each contribute 1/3 towards cost •Health Insurance, 83 •Disability Insurance, 84 •Widow’s and Orphan’s Insurance, 89 •Old Age Pensions, 89 |
|
|
Bismarck forced resignation by Wilhelm II?
|
-Differences in domestic policy. Socialists growing even with legislation
-Differences over foreign policy: Bismarck saw Germany as continental power, he wanted a navy -Concern with France, revanche and their nationalism of hatred. Not doing enough |
|
|
Bismarcks secret alliance system
|
-Agreements with Austria-Hungary and Russia (Three Emperors League), 1872. Defense alliances saying if one was attacked, others would help
-Dual Alliance with Austria (1879), and signing of Triple Alliance with Italy (1882) -Loosening ties with Russia, though a Reinsurance Agreement continued from 87-90. |
|
|
Triple Alliance
|
-Agreement for:
Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any two other great powers, or for Germany and Italy, an attack by France alone |
|
|
Diplomatic aims of Bismarck
|
-Isolate France by creating network of defense alliances with Austria, Russia and Italy
-Not pursuing a colonial policy, though in the 80’s, beginnings of overseas empire -Colonial expansion: He feared that the need of a large naval fleet to protect German colonies abroad would weaken Germany’s continental power. Very reluctant to do it. Got the leftovers |
|
|
Bismarck diplomatic
|
-worry about loyalty of Catholics and revolutionary Socialists, believed in crucial conservatism, monarchist and elitist rule. Initially pro-free trade, but tarriffs introduced in late 1870’s in the wake of economic depression
|
|
|
Eventual Bismarck dismissal
|
-Disagreements over domestic and foreign policy aims between Bismarck and the new Emperor, Wilhelm II, led to his forced resignation
-Wilhelm II embarked on a policy of attempting to accommodate the growing workers’ movement (did not want revolution). Criticized the govt. as being stupid. -Wilhelm saw overseas colonies and a large navy as essential for a great imperial power -His reputation at the time was no one liked him. Eventually, he would be viewed more positively |
|
|
Bismarck foreign
|
Believed Germany was satiated, could not handle any more territory. Maintain the status quo. Wanted to consolidate recent gains after unification rather than embark on colonial pursuits.
-Isolation of France, and intricate alliances. -strong army, not strong navy=continental rather than overseas empire -Rising industrialization put pressure on govt. to support overseas colonies established in the 80’s |
|
|
Tirpitz Plan, New Course
|
-Embarking on an aggressive naval building program to make Germany’s navy second only to England’s, known as the “Tirpitz” Plan (named after the head of the program)
-Tirpitz Plan=for every 3 brits ships, Germans will build two. By 1920, German’ys fleet could threaten but not defeat the British. Viewed it as a deterrent, dubbed a “peace” plan |
|
|
Wilhelmine, Attempted appeasement of socialists
|
-Wanted to stem them by rescinding anti-socialist legislation of 1890
-Yet the SPD continued to grow into largest political party -Attempt to reconcile socialists to government by abandoning anti-Socialist legislation -Promote industrial policies to increase econ. status |
|
|
LForeign policy of Wilhelmine Germany
|
-Strong Navy under Tirpitz Plan
-Colonies, Africa/Pacific -Germany is a world power instead of continental -Abandon agreements with Russia and stronger ties to Austria |
|
|
Junker
|
-wealthy land owing elites of Eastern Prussia, untitled nobility
-controlled Prussian army, owned massive amounts of land and power -anti-liberal, conservative supported monarchy |
|
|
Economic developments in Wilhelmine Germany
|
-Rapid industrialization, third most in world by 1914.Siemens, AEG, Krupp Iron works
-Transformation from rural to urban population, and all of the problems that come with it. Barracks type housing -Rapid growth of cities, Berlin, Munich |
|
|
Art in wilhelmine
|
-Art was meant to elevate the people and serve as a conservative stabilizing factor in society
-By the 1890’s, transformation of the art and literature world. Started to delve into subjects that were not traditional-hypocrisy of Wilhelmine and the bourgouis, fragility of the aristocracy. Often these art movements were denounced as loathsome and un-German |
|
|
Well known writers of Wilhelmine
|
-Heinrich Mann-Professor Unrat
-Thomas Mann-Buddenbrooks, Death in Venice -Gerhardt Hauptmann (The Weavers) |
|
|
Well known musical composers
|
-Gustav Miller
-Richard Wagner -Richard Strauss -Arnold Schoenberg |
|
|
Music movements in Wilhelmine
|
-In music, Wagner revolutionized opera with his concept of the “Gesamtkunstwerk” (total work of art)
-Wagnerian opera based onmyths and medieval history (Tristan and Isolde, Parsifal) |
|
|
Big art movements in Wilhelmine
|
-After 1848 Revolutions, change from Romanticism to realism, naturalism, and impressionism in the arts
-Impressionism and the founding of modernist, alternative art associations during the 1890’s such as the Secessions in Berlin, Vienna, and Munich |
|
|
Censorship in WIlhelmine
|
-Individual states could impose their own rules and their own standards. So artists/people could still face persecution.
-Governments routinely condemned a lot of the press, magazines, art -Siegesallee (Avenue of Victory) -They would poke fun of the Kaiser, religion -Scandal with Cpatain fron Kopenick |
|
|
World War Immediate Causes
|
-Assasination of Archduke Ferdinand and Sophia by Black Hand.
-Germany’s agreement with Austria in early July to do “whatever is necessary” to stop terrorism. Known as a “black check” -Austria issues ultimatum to Serbia, demanding extradition of the perps. -“August Days”-conflict becomes widened during this time due to net of alliances -German general staff had concern over political parties, take focus away -Russia begins mobilization of its troops, before declarations of war. Got votes in Reichstag from even the SPD because it was seen as a defensive measure of defense against Russia -Germany violates Belgian neutrality with invasion, August, 1914. |
|
|
Restrictions on Emigration from Ost Europa
|
-Becomes official policy
-Fear of Brain drain, military talent coming in or leaving (Secret police), and spies -Exceptions is Jews to Isreal because of holocaust sympathies. Came in spurts |
|
|
Berlin Wall construction
|
-1961, now you have a physical barrier not just an ideological one
-Restriction of movement, cementing of divisions |
|
|
Paris 1968
|
-Beginning of the counter-culture movements in Europe and US. Vietnam is going on the same time. Like 1848, it is a year of revns.
-Began in Paris as a result of promises made to students/universities. Overcrowding of schools, shitty facilities, etc. were promised to be fixed. Labor unions stand in protest with them -Millions flood the streets, De Gaulle resigns. Shift in French politics and fundamental changes in politics -important because of its analogues with Prague 68. Velvet Revn |
|
|
Prague Spring
|
-Students begin to demand basic political reforms, looking for relaxation of oppressive commune. Loosening of media, speech and travel restrictions. Also started talking about splitting, which they actually do, Czech and Slovaks
-Warsaw pact and USSR roll in to supress and reverse everything. Remained occupied until 1990 -Important because initiated by generation not from WWII |
|
|
Brezhnev Doctrine
|
-Some indepedence of local national leaders, as long as they follow the party line and not challenge the USSR
-USSR defines what is socialist and capitalist, so whatever is challenging is capitalist -One cohesive soviet bloc |
|
|
Nicolae Ceausescu
|
-Takes power in Romania in 65-67. Consolidates power after though.
-Withdraws from Warsaw pact militarily. Refuses to invade Czechs. Still part in name, but not actively engaged in wars -"Maverick" Foreign policy as Indepedent of USSR. reaches out to West Germany, France, Britain, US. Sets up student exchanges. Recognized West Germany, even when no one else did. -USSR tolerated it. Why? Romania didn't border the West, he was kind of a nut, and was more of minor nuissance. And he was still a hardline communist, centralized economy. -Makes a hybrid of nationalism and communism |
|
|
East European Econmies
|
-one of the big breaking points of the system, why it failed
-Stalinism crucial. 5 year plans, nationalization of assets, farm collectivaization, huge military expenditures. -Too much focus on heavy industry. Light industry and consumer goods are ignored. Quantity over quality/shortages -Yugoslavia and Albania are not stalinst, but do their own bullshit. -Black markets everywhere, how you get anything |
|
|
Economic growth in East Europe
|
-in the first 10-15 years, large economic growth. But it was state sponsored, because it was almost artificial
-Leads to crucial stagnation by 60s and 70s. Plateu Effect, they can't produce anymore because of lack of resources, fuck up the environment -combined with oil shocks of 70s, lack of power and massive recessions result |
|
|
Poland and John Paul II
|
-in 79/80, the falling of communism begins. Real major crack that the soviets can't plug
-He becomes the first non-Italian pope in 400 years, and is a huge boost in Poland. Polish pride in Catholicism, leading to a rise in Polish nationalism -Solidarity and the strike in Gdansk (Lech Walesa). Crucial movement not aligned with communism, believed in peaceful protest and was made up of the bread and butter workers, not students, commies |
|
|
describe the Rhinovirus genome?
|
ssRNA with + sense
+sense= "like mRNA"= can be translated with Host's ribosomes (the virus doesn't need to bring RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase separate from the genome- it can initiate transcription itself, by binding to host's ribosomes & consequently an RNA-dependent RNA Pol will be transcribed, allowing the virus to then replicate ) |
|
|
Life under communism
|
-Harsh repressive regimes
-Privledge for the few (New class of people, proletariat) -Censorship, survelliance of native pop -Lack of consumer goods -BUT near universal employment and near universal housing |
|
|
Nuttiness of Ceacescu
|
-Outlaws abortion, birth rates explode. No room for anybody, unemployment.
-Refused to believe HIV and AIDS was real. Many kids abandoned, many would get it and be ditched |
