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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the group opposed to the Articles of Confederation been called?
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Federalists (confusing)
Nationalists Cosmopolitans |
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What has the group opposed to the Constution been called?
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Antifederalists
Localists |
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What were the key Nationalist/Federalist leaders?
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Hamilton
supported by Washington Madison (eventually split) |
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What key weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation did the Nationalists/Federalists attack?
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Weakness
Inability to solve state disputes Lack of powerful executive Inability to tax/raise revenue |
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What did Hamilton use to press for the Constitutional Convention?
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The failure of earlier, smaller meetings in Alexandria and Annapolis
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Location/date Constitutional Convention began:
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Philadelphia,
May 1787: lasted 4 months |
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What the Constitutional Convention was originally called to do:
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Propose amendments to the Articles of Confederation
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Important people NOT at the Constitutional Convention
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John Adams/Jefferson: in Europe
Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, Hancocke: skeptical |
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How many deligates at the Constitutional Convention/how many signed
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55 delegates from 12 states
39 signed |
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What do we rely on for almost all our information about the Constitutional Convention?
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Madison's notes
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What was Hamilton's bad habit?
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Making extreme statements that alarmed people
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Who was (arguably) the most important person at the Constitutional Convention, and why?
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Madison:
prepared very well good at parliamentary manouvering |
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What was Washington's supreme motivator?
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Believing something was his duty
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James Wilson
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Important PA deligate to the Constitutional Convention
similar to Madison very democratic |
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Who was Gouveneur Morris?
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Important NY deligate to the Constitutional Convention
very conservative seems to have preferred British monarchy tends to alarm people handwriting |
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What to options does the Constitutional Convention have before it, and which does it choose?
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Virginia Plan (Madison), New Jersey Plan:
Chooses Virginia Plan |
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What was the Great Compromise?
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Constitutional Convention: resolved dispute between more populated and less populated states by having a bicameral legislature
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Two big conflicts of the Constitutional Convention:
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Big states vs. small states
Slavery (population) |
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How were slaves counted as population?
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3/5 of a person
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Congress can't abolish the slave trade until:
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1808
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Washington's strengths as president
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Reputation of being above politics
Gave new gov't legitimacy Behaved very appropriately |
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VP Adams made the mistake of getting involved with the Senate debate over:
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The title of the president
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Washington's Secretary of State:
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Jefferson
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Washington's Secretary of War:
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Knox
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Washington's Attorney General:
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Randolph
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Washington's Secretary of the Treasury
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Hamilton
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Hamilton's financial hero:
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British Robert Walpole
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What is "funding" a debt, and why did Hamilton want to do it to the national debt?
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Means paying off only the interest
To get citizens invested in the gov't Most didn't understand |
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What did Hamilton want to do with gov't bonds?
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Pay them at face value, even though most people had bought the bonds from others for much less than face value
Give gov't great credit rating Win support of rich/powerful |
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Idea of "implied powers"
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The idea that there are powers the Federal Gov't has implied by its power to do all "necessary and proper" to carry out its tasks
Used by Hamilton to justify National Bank |
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Loose Construction vs. Strict Construction
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Different ways of interpretinmg the Constitution: allowing for implied powers vs. not (Hamilton vs. Jefferson)
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What did Washington do when he was worried about the constitutionality of a National Bank?
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Asked Sec. of State Jefferson and Sec. of Treasury Hamilton to write opinions; chose Hamilton's
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Gov'r Clinton
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Headed up "Popular Whigs" in NY: eventually aligned with Jefferson's new Republican Party
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First Party System starts to coalesce when?
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mid 1790s
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Why was the Jay Treaty important?
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Federalists supported
Republicans viewed it as a cop-out to the British |
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How were early political campaigns different?
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Viewed as ungentlemanly to "run" for office: called "electioneering", others did it for you
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What party does Washington join?
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Tries to remain above parties, but tilts toward the Federalists, esp. during 2nd term
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Foreign Policy controversy in the First Party System:
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Federalists identified as Anglophiles
Republicans identified as Francophiles (in favor of French Revolution) |
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XYZ Affair
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P Adams' negotiators to France snubbed; US population want war w/France
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Alien Acts
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Lengthened time before naturalization, allowed aliens to be sent back by President
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Virginia Resolution
Doctrine of "Imposition" |
Pushed by Jefferson in response to Alien/Sedition Acts: states can refuse to obey unconstitutional Federal laws
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Kentucky Resolution
Doctrine of "Nullification" |
Pushed by Jefferson in response to Alien/Sedition Acts: a state can refuse to enforce a Federal law
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The candidate who almost beat Jefferson in the election of 1800
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Aaron Burr
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Marbury vs. Madison
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Jefferson decides not to instate one of Adams' last-minute appointees; Marshall uses the case to establish Judicial Review, while not ruling in Marbury's favor
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Judicial Review
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Doctrine that the courts (the supreme court) has the ability to interpret the Constitution
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Pickering
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NH judge impeached in Jefferson's attempt to remove the most partisan Federalist judges: easy, since he often showed up intoxicated
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Samuel Chase
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Federalist partisan Maryland judge Jefferson attempts to remove, fails
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Why did Jefferson hesitate about the Louisiana Purchase?
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Believed Republics had to be small
Strict Constructionist (thought unconstitutional) |
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"Empire for Liberty"
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Jefferson's idea of what America might become: starting to think that large Republics might be possible
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Why did Federalists oppose the Louisiana Purchase?
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Unconstitutional
New territories full of Republican voters US is supposed to face Europe, be more urban/industrial |
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Jefferson's second term was:
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Unhappy because it was dominated by international crises
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Sources of friction btwn US/Britain during Jefferson's second term
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1) Restrictions on American shipping (to stop trade w/France: meanwhile, France tries to do the same!)
2) Impressment of American sailors |
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Orders in Council
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British attempt to stop even neutral trade w/France
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"Indelible Allegiance"
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British doctrine that once a citizen, always a citizen; under which they impressed American soldiers during the Napoleonic Wars
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Jefferson's response to rising tension w/Britain during his second term:
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the Embargo (1808): no trade w/belligerents
Thought this kind of economic sanction would force British to give in (future: no warfare) Repealed by Madison |
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Result of Jefferson's Embargo:
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intense political pressure to end it, esp. from New England Federalists (revival of the Federalist Party)
Encouraged domestic manufacturing (ironic: not Jeffersonian) Irony: almost worked! England hurting |
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Who won the War of 1812?
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Canadians would say they did: America's invasion a disaster
America didn't win land engagement during the war Washington burned Surprising victories: on water! |
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Hartford Convention
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Marginal group of Federalists that discussed secession during War of 1812; stigma helped to kill the Federalist Party after the war
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"Era of Good Feelings"
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Period after War of 1812; Federalists gone and Republicans adopting many of their issues
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Results of the War of 1812
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US nationalism
Highlighted problem of internal transportation "Era of Good Feelings" |
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Second Great Awakening
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Calling it that makes it seem more unified than it was:
After 1800: S/W 1830s-40s: E Lasted until 1850s |
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VA during the 2nd Great Awakening developed:
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A Baptist counterculture, against the traditional tidewater planter culture, which had long-term affects on VA culture
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First outbreak of religious enthusiasm during the Second Great Awakening:
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Cane Ridge, Kentucky, 1801
Huge camp meeting, interdenominational |
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Give the two general explanations for the outbreak of religious fervor during the Second Great Awakening
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1) Traditional: crisis in American religious life, decline in church membership/rise in Deism, isolation of fronteir life
2) Product of social strain/individual leadership: an "organizing process" |
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Was the emphasis of the Second Great Awakening more Calvinistic or Arminian?
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Arminian
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Finney
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Prominent North East revivalist during 2nd Great Awakening
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Tensions addressed by the 2nd Great Awakening revival in Rochester NY
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1) Transition from journeymen to factory workers
2) This led to Rochester becoming segregated in terms of class 3) Whole new regimentation/routime came with industry |
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Overall impact of revivals of 2nd Great Awakening
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1) Gave Americans set of common experiences
2) American culture became Evangelical culture 3) Many new denominations 4) Reform movements |
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New denominations that gained converts during the revivals of the 2nd Great Awakening:
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Baptists
Methodists Restorationist denominations: i.e. Disciples of Christ Mormons |
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Baptist Church didn't become largest protestant tradition until:
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mid-1800s
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Sisterhood of Reforms
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Arose out of Second Great Awakening voluntarism, moralism, perfectionism:
Temperance, Women's Rights, Peace, Abolition |
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How does US go from nationalism to sectionalism?
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Economic development promotes sectionalism
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Why did the south rely increasingly on cotton post-1812?
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1) New areas opening up that were good for cotton production (esp. Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia)
2) Cotton gin made it more economical |
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Tallmadge Amendment
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Tallmadge wanted to admit Missouri as a free state: incited fierce debate in Congress; passed House/lost in Senate
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Missouri Compromise
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1820: Admited Missouri as slave state (w/S border as future limit of slavery line); Maine as free state: to preserve balance
Only passed by Henry Clay splitting it up |
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"Great Compromiser"
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Henry Clay
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Consequences of Missouri Compromise
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1) Future arguments over slavery obscured by territorial considerations
2) Southerners: began to argue slavery is a "positive good" 3) Attracts support for colonization |
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Economic order prior to 1815
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- Plantation agriculture in large parts of S
- Expansion of trade: growth of seaports, financial institutions - Dependent on importing manufactured goods - Limited regional markets - Pattern of subsistance agriculture |
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Major factor in Market Revolution:
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Transportation Revolution
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Phases of Transportation Revolution
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1) Turnpike Era
2) Canal Era |
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The Market Revolution in the South:
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Mostly involved producing more and more cotton. Not much diversification
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Where did Lowell/etc. get their textile manufacturing ideas?
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Observed British factories and stole their ideas!
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New England advantages in manufacturing
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1) Short/rapid rivers for power
2) Artesan tradition 3) Labor force (used creatively) |
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Textile manufacturing introduced when:
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After 1812
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Lowell's labor force for textile factories 1820s-30s:
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Unmarried young women working up a dowry before marriage (Lowell wanted to avoid stigma on British textile mills)
Later: immigrants became primary workers |
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Social consequences/tensions of industrialization
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1) Different relationship btwn craftsmen/apprentices: de-skilling, alienation
2) Household not center of production anymore 3) More market-based economic dependencies (people need cash) 4) Concentration of wealth at the top 5) Standart of living rises 6) Increase in US agri/industrial production |
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Those who weren't slave-owners in the antebellum South were mostly:
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self-sufficient farmers
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Who benefitted most from the Market Revolution?
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- Merchants/Manufacturers
- Lawyers and other professionals - Land speculators - New England farm women (more options) - Consumers (more choices) |
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Who were hurt or failed to benefit from the Market Revolution?
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- Small farmers
- Apprentices/journeymen - Women at home: work devalued by separation of home/workplace - Free blacks (frozen out) |
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Jacksonian Democracy was part of a larger trend some call _. Other examples of this trend are:
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"democratization"
- France: Revolution of 1830 - Rebellions in Canada |
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Signs of democratization of American Society late 1820s:
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1) Voter property qualifications abolished
2) Electors chosen by popular vote instead of legislatures 3) Caucus method of choosing P given up 4) Constitutional revisions made more officials elected 5) Westerners gained more influence in politics |
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Caucus method
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Method of presidential nomination in which all your Party's Congressmen choose the candidate: became viewed as elitist ("King Caucus")
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Why was Jackson an unlikely democratic symbol?
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- Slave owner
- Involved in gentlemanly duels! - Land speculator - Originally leaned Federalist! |
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What does de Toqueville say about whether American society is democratic, and is he right?
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- P JQ Adams says all have equality under law, but ceases after that
- Says: most of the rich in America were formerly poor: not true - But it is true that America is more egalitarian than Europe, there is more class mobility |
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Voter turnout in early 1800s
What was this a sign of? |
Originally: not much interest in Presidential elections
1840: over 70%! (later rare to get under 80%) Sign of the emergence of a Mass Participation System |
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Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party starts factionalizing when, and into what factions?
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1824 election: Jackson loses to Q. Adams
National Republicans (later Whigs): Adams Democrats: Jackson |
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What was the early Democratic Party's platform?
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Limited gov't
States' Rights Opposed National Bank Classical liberal laissez-faire |
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What coalition formed the new Democratic Party?
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Jackson's supporters (calling themselves just Democrats instead of Democratic-Republicans)
Van Buren's "Bucktails" |
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What coalition of National Republicans eventually aligns with/turns into the Whig Party?
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NY Gov'r Dewitt Clinton
Henry Clay |
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The Whig Party is organized by this date:
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1836
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Whig leaders right after organization:
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Henry Clay
Daniel Webster |
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3 major planks of the Whig Platform, and what was the name of the Whig Platform?
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Henry Clay's "American System"
1) High Protective Tariff 2) National Bank 3) Internal Improvements - Also very into reform movements |
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Democratic constituency:
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immigrants: especially recent, Catholic, and Irish
Southern rural whites, esp. Scotch-Irish (both groups ag Whig moral reforms) |
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Whig constituency:
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N: Yankees, Pro-revival evangelical sects
S: Whigs tended to be from marginal groups - Urban, middle-class southerners - Very wealthy: top of planter hierarchy - Southern Roman Catholics (Louisiana) - Non-slave-holding whites |
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Negative Reference Group Voting
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People tend to vote for those who are like them and against those who are not like them: this helps to explains Democrat/Whig constituencies
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Great spectator sport of 19th cty:
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Politics!
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What was the most important thing promoting the growth of the Second Party System?
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Jackson
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Jackson's financial thing:
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War on the Bank of the United States!
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Why was Harrison an unlucky Whig win?
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Died in office; VP Tyler was a disgruntled Democrat
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Primary export crops of the south:
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Cotton, Tobacco, Rice, Sugar Cane
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Big plantations, though relatively few,...
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produced perhaps 2/3 south's cotton
employed 1/2 south's slaves |
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Proportion of slave-holding families to non-slave-holding families in the Deep South:
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Mississippi: 49%
SC: 47% GA: 37% |
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Why did poor southern whites support slavery?
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1) Way to climb the social ladder; get ahead in the future
2) Terrified of consequences of freeing the slaves: slavery puts them on equal footing w/other whites 3) Thought collapse of slavery would be bloodbath |
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Why slavery's social consequences should have outraged evangelicals:
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- Marriage not recognized
- Reading not allowed |
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Evidence that family was very important to slaves:
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Post Civil War:
- Free blacks roamed the S looking for family members - Rushed to get marriages recognized |
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"Blue Laws"
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Laws to enforce Sabbetarianism
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Antebellum reform movements, 1820-60
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Temperance
Sabbetarian Laws Utopian Communities Abolition |
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Critical root of 1820-60 reform movements:
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2nd Great Awakening Evangelicalism (Finney encouraged)
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Why were evangelicals so interested in starting reform movements 1820-60?
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Most were post-millenialists: Christ will come AFTER the thousand-year reign of good; therefore promoting good works will hasten X's return
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_ had a very important role in the antebellum reform movements
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women
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George Rapp
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- Recently from Germany
- Founded "harmony society" 1805 - 2 utopian communities in Western PA, 1 in Indiana - Held property communally - Millenialists: focused on X's imminent return - Celibate |
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Shakers
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New England antebellum utopian community: celibate
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Oneida
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NY antebellum utopian community founded by Noyes, unorthodox Revivalist preacher
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American Colonization Society
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Wanted compensated emancipation; colonization to Liberia or Caribbean
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The Liberator
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Garrison's abolitionist newspaper, founded 1831
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Why did northern whites get so angry at Abolitionists?
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□ Broke the rules of politeness: graphic violence
□ Allowed women leading roles □ Even children were targetted by abolitionist literature □ Divided protestant denominations □ Anti-Abolitionist riots □ Worried about "amalgamation" |
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Participators in Anti-Abolitionist riots included:
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"Men of property and standing"
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Most important antebellum reform movement:
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Temperance
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Which party tended to support reform movements, Whigs or Democrats?
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Whigs
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Progression of the Temperance movement:
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- First, just advocated temperance
- Then, moved to advocating complete abstinance - Moved to: enforcing prohibition on the local/state level |
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Cotton accounts for how much of US antebellum exports?
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60%
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Why did northerners tend to support limiting the expansion of slavery when they did not support abolition?
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- Concerned about slave-labor system: degrading to free-labor system
- "Slave Power" conspiracy |
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Candidates in 1848 election
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Zachary Taylor (W)
Louis Cass (D) Van Buren: Free Soil Party |
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Year of CA Gold Rush
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1849
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Clay's 1850 Compromise:
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- CA admited as free state
- Utah/TX organized as territories (popular sovereignty) - Carved down TX to smaller state, compensated for loss of territory - Slave trade abolished in DC - Tougher Fugitive Slave Law passed |
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Wilmot Proviso
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Wilmot, hoping the Whigs won't be able to stigmatize him in upcoming election, proposes amendment that new territory from Mexican War will be free
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Voting pattern on 1850 compromise btwn Whigs and Democrats
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Whigs: anti-compromise in N, pro-compromise in S
Democrats: pro-compromise in N, anti-compromise in S |
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What enables the 1850 compromise to pass?
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Taylor died; Millard Fillmore President
Stephen Douglas gets it through Split into different Bills |
