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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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By the late 1780s, many Americans had grown dissatisfied with the Confederation. Why?
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Because the Inadecuacy of the "articles of the Confederation: a Confederate type of gov't puts power in the states but lacked power in the Federal gov't.
2) Need for stronger central govt. 3) How much power should retain with states? |
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What were 5 reasons why the federal govt was weak?
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1) States had too much power which made it difficult to maintain national unity
2) Unanimous agreement between states necessary to pass bills in Congress (Unicameral) 3) U.S. Congress had no power to enforce states to pay taxes 4) U.S. Congress had no power to regulate comerce between states => unequal trade policy (terroists) 5) Each state printed its own currency |
1) yet they leaned toward states power inorder to stay away from a monarch type of gov't that they previously had in Brit)
5) "continentals" |
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Describe the constitutional convention, where did it take place, who was there, when, what was disccused?
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Where: Philadelphia
When: 1787 Who: George Washington,Madison, William Patterson, 55 men representing all states except Rhode Island What: differing proposals: "Virginia Plan" & "the New Jersey Plan" |
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Confederation?
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Confederation: a Confederate type of gov't puts power in the states but lacked power in the Federal gov't.
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Explain the different proposals brought up at the Constitutional Convention.
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1) "Virginia Plan"- of James Madison
a. a proposal by larger states(meaning more populous states) a national legislature of two houses: 1. Lower House- states would be represented in proportion to their pop. 2. Upper House- elected by lower house, no system of rep. = smaller states ,might at times have no members at all in the upper house. 2) "New Jersey Plan"-of William Paterson a. proposal by smaller states objecting the "Virginia Plan": all states would have equal representation, Congress would have expanded powers to tax and to regulate commerce. |
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By the late 1780s, many Americans had grown dissatisfied with the Confederation. Why?
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Because the Inadecuacy of the "articles of the Confederation: a Confederate type of gov't puts power in the states but lacked power in the Federal gov't.
2) Need for stronger central govt. 3) How much power should retain with states? |
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What were 5 reasons why the federal govt was weak?
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1) States had too much power which made it difficult to maintain national unity
2) Unanimous agreement between states necessary to pass bills in Congress (Unicameral) 3) U.S. Congress had no power to enforce states to pay taxes 4) U.S. Congress had no power to regulate comerce between states => unequal trade policy (terroists) 5) Each state printed its own currency |
1) yet they leaned toward states power inorder to stay away from a monarch type of gov't that they previously had in Brit)
5) "continentals" |
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Describe the constitutional convention, where did it take place, who was there, when, what was disccused?
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Where: Philadelphia
When: 1787 Who: George Washington,Madison, William Patterson, 55 men representing all states except Rhode Island What: differing proposals: "Virginia Plan" & "the New Jersey Plan" |
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Confederation?
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Confederation: a Confederate type of gov't puts power in the states but lacked power in the Federal gov't.
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Explain the different proposals brought up at the Constitutional Convention.
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1) "Virginia Plan"- of James Madison
a. a proposal by larger states(meaning more populous states) * Separation of Powers: Legislative, executive, judicial. * a national legislature of two houses: 1. Lower House- states would be represented in proportion to their pop. 2. Upper House- elected by lower house, no system of rep. = smaller states ,might at times have no members at all in the upper house. 2) "New Jersey Plan"-of William Paterson a. proposal by smaller states objecting the "Virginia Plan": all states would have equal representation, Congress would have expanded powers to tax and to regulate commerce. |
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By the late 1780s, many Americans had grown dissatisfied with the Confederation. Why?
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Because the Inadecuacy of the "articles of the Confederation: a Confederate type of gov't puts power in the states but lacked power in the Federal gov't.
2) Need for stronger central govt. 3) How much power should retain with states? |
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What were 5 reasons why the federal govt was weak?
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1) States had too much power which made it difficult to maintain national unity
2) Unanimous agreement between states necessary to pass bills in Congress (Unicameral) 3) U.S. Congress had no power to enforce states to pay taxes 4) U.S. Congress had no power to regulate comerce between states => unequal trade policy (terroists) 5) Each state printed its own currency |
1) yet they leaned toward states power inorder to stay away from a monarch type of gov't that they previously had in Brit)
5) "continentals" |
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Describe the constitutional convention, where did it take place, who was there, when, what was disccused?
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Where: Philadelphia
When: 1787 Who: George Washington,Madison, William Patterson, 55 men representing all states except Rhode Island What: differing proposals: "Virginia Plan" & "the New Jersey Plan" |
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Confederation?
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Confederation: a Confederate type of gov't puts power in the states but lacked power in the Federal gov't.
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Explain the different proposals brought up at the Constitutional Convention.
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1) "Virginia Plan"- of James Madison
a. a proposal by larger states(meaning more populous states) * Separation of Powers: Legislative, executive, judicial. * a national legislature of two houses: 1. Lower House- states would be represented in proportion to their pop. 2. Upper House- elected by lower house, no system of rep. = smaller states ,might at times have no members at all in the upper house. 2) "New Jersey Plan"-of William Paterson a. proposal by smaller states objecting the "Virginia Plan": all states would have equal representation, Congress would have expanded powers to tax and to regulate commerce. * Regulated by other Delegates |
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Explain the characteristics of slavery issue.
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1) Although abolition was not an issue, others persisted: Should slaves be counted in population to determine representation or should slaves be merely considered property? (Major cause of the Civil War)
* Slavery in the north is dicipating, while slavery in the south is increasing. (competition between North & South) 2) The heated debates shows North vs. South differences on slave issue. Sectional conflicts over slavery will intensify |
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On July, 1787, the convention voted to accept "The great compromise". What was it?
1) what type of legislature 2) Lower House 3) Upper House |
1) Bicameral (two-house) legislature;
2) Lower house, states would be representted on the basis of population, **each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a free person in determining the basis for both representation and direct taxation. 3) Upper House, states would be represented equally 2 members a piece. |
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According totthe ideas of Baron de Montesquieu, most Americans believed the best way to avoid tyranny was to keep govt close to the people. But what was Madisons solution to the problem of concentrated authority?
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Madison argued that a Lg. repuplic would be less, not more likely to produce tyranny because no single group would ever be able to dominate it.
**Seperation of powers "checking each other" (aka "Checks and Balances) amg (legislative, executive, and judicial branches) |
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explain the significance of unresolved issues that the constitution didnt address such as slavery, and no individulal rts.
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1) Slave issue- New gov't prohibited from halting foreign slave trade for 20yrs
2) No individual rights: later resolved in "bill of rights" 1791 |
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During the 18th century many Americans were Disenfranchised (unable to legally vote). So what were the voting characteristics that somebody needed to posses inorder to be able to vote? What populations were excluded from voting?
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- male
- white -own property (land) - minimum age 21 * excluded populations were women, Blacks (free & Slave), Lower-class whites |
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True or false, the U.S. Constituion gave more freedom & equality than Monarchs of Europe
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True!
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When was George Washingtons administration?
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(1789-1797)
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What are the requirements to become president?
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- 35yrs of age
-born in the U.S. (or milirary-ambassy) - have to have lived in the U.S. for 14yrs |
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What were George Washington's Goals as president?
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1. Stabilize & Unify New Nation
*( He wants a more powerful central govt to tie various states together. Less power in State governments) * Remove sectionalism in favor of nationalism |
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Who was George washingtons Vice President and how was he elected?
Note: the cabinet was to assist in carrying out executive functions. |
John Adams, and he was elected president because he came in 2nd in the electoral
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Supporters of the Constitution were also known as_____. Who supported them?
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Federalist, who had the support of Franklin & Washington, & political philosophers: Alexander Hamilton, James madison, and John Jay.
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What were the federalist papers?
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a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James madison, and John Jay explaining the meaning and the virtues of the constitution that were gathered and published as a book.
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The Constitution referred indireclty to executive departments but did not specify which ones or how there should be. The First Congress created 3 such departments what were they and who fullfilled these positions of secretary?
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1) Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
2) Secretary of War: General Henery Knox 3) Secretary of treasury: Alexander Hamilton |
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The alternative political organization of ther federalists were called_____.
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Republicans
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What were the 4 major contrasts between jefferson and Hamilton
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1) type of economy: Jefferson wanted primarily agarian Economy
2) States vs Federal power: Jefferson wanted more power in the states, Hamilton wanted a stronger national govt. 3) What class of people should have more power? Jeferson desired power to other middle class, Hamilton wanted wealthy elites. 4) Support for the National Bank? Hamilton wanted support for a national bank, Thomas Jefferson opposed too the national bank. |
*Jefferson was a Republican
*Hamilton was a Federalist 4) Support for the national bank one of them who supported it figured: to provide loans and currency to businesses, a permanent national debt, with new bonds being issued and old ones were paid off. the wealthy classes who most likely would lend $ to the govt.While the other opposed to the national bank b/c 2 much power in the hands of the elites. |
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Jefferson wanted primarily agarian republic, meaning?
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Most citizens would farm their own land. Jefferson believed the nation should be weary of too much urbanization and industrialization.
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What role in the govt did John Jay serve? And what did he have to do with maintainging neutrality between the french govt. & Great Brititan, during 1794?
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John Jay was the chief justice of the Supreme Court. He was instructed to secure compensation for the recent British assaults on American shiping, yet in 1794 it failed to achieve the goals of the Jay Treaty but still avoided war with Britian, and provided a ok commerial relationship whti ehm.
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Jay Treaty
* Raoyal Navey seises hundreds o American ships...what to do? |
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What was proposals were made as solutions for the finanical difficulties due to war debt?
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hamilton proposed National tax that created tension between North & South Washing D.C created in compromise.
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Who was Benjamin Banneker?
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He was americas 1st Black Scientist surveyer on D.C project.
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In 1791, Banneker was a technical assistant in the calculating and first-ever surveying of the Federal District, which is now Washington, D.C.
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Congress adopted Hamiltons plan for a National bank but gave it a ___ yr charter (1791) **1st generation**
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*20yr charter
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Inoder to fund the national bank (assumption of debts) what was hamiltons recomendations?
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* Hamilton recommended 2 taxes:
1) excise tax on ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 2) tarrife on IMPORTS |
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EXPLAIN how hamiltons proposed whiskey tax caused controversey?
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1. In 1794, 7,000 farmers began "whiskey rebellion" in western pennsylvania
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1) whiskey is made by corn, which is farmers crop/income with excess corn, with peoples less consumption of whiskey b/c of the tax left framers without a profit.
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How did Washington resolve the "Whiskey Rebellion"?
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Washington called out the militias of 3 states and assembled an army of nearly 15,000 and he personally led the troops into Pennsylvania.
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* side note* First presidential pardon = Washington captured 2 of the farmers leaders and let them go after yelling at them for a cpl of hrs.
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By resolving the "Whiskey Rebellion" what did that prove?
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that the fed. gov't will take action to enforce its laws
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Who did Thomas Jefferson believe there was to blame for the "Whiskey Rebellion"?
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Thomas Jefferson argued excessive taxes to blame and opposed fed. action against "whiskey boys"
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What were the ordinance s of 1784-1787 all about?
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They were all about Indian conflicts in the west (west to appalation mts. up to the ms. river) over land with the white americans.
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* Note: the Constitution had done little to resolve: the place of the Indian nations with in the new federal stucture, such as the issue of representation or land.
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north west Ordinance of 1787 ment what?
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the terms of white settlement in the West: Ohio,Indiana, Illnois,Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota
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What was the French and Indian wat?
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French and Indian war was mainly Indian vs. Indian conflict over territory, and the french
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Differences (fallout of) Jay Treaty led to Americas 1st Political paties, what were these parties named and what were some of their characteristics?
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Federalist: upper-class men, North east (urban)
Democratic Republicans:Middle class, most farmers, rural areas o the South and West. |
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Which party supported a stronger national government, a national bank, standing national army, national taxes? Loose constitutional interpretation
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Federalist.
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Which party supported a stronger state gov't, wnat state militias, less federal taxes, oppose national bank. Stirct (aka: literal) reading of the constitution
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Democratic- Republicans
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Descibe the election of 1796
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1. Federalist Vice President Adams defeats Democratic- Republican Jefferson by 3 electoral votes
2) clear sectional differences between New England (supported John Adams) And South and West (favored Jefferson) |
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What was the "XYZ Affair"? (1798-1800)
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1) French captured U.S. Merchant ships in the Carribean
2) Adams sent 3 U.S. diplomats to Paris who wanted audience with french foreign minister talleyrand 3) Three "Go betweens" (agents) of the french foreign minister, Prince Talleyrand demanded a loan for fance and a bribe for French officials (paying them) US diplomats Refused : "No! No! Not a sixpence!" 4) Adams broke relationw with the french, US merchant ships armed US captures french ships 5) Napolean ends crisis in 1800 |
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The Alien Sedition Acts; effects?desigend to weaken the power of who?
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allowed the gov't to prosecute those who engaged in "sedition" against the gov't.
other effects: laws retricting speech, making citizenship more lengthy and giving president more power to deport Aliens, *desigend to weaken the power of the french aliens, and also weaken Democratic-Republican [party]. |
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What were the Virginia & Kentucky resolutions
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Written in opposition of alien sedition acts by Democratic-Republican [party]. They struck down The Alien Sedition Acts as "Null & Void", held that state legislatures have the right to determine if a law is unconstitutional vbased on "states rights theory"
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What was the north west Territory?
where was it? |
Ultimately, the territory was organized into the present states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The ordinance defined the boundaries of the states, excluded slavery and required that 60,000 inhabitants be present for statehood.
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What happened whe the Federal Government outlawed the foreign slave trade in 1808?
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1. Internal or "Domestic" slave trade grew
2. Illegal smuggling from Africa continued, smaller #s |
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Antebellum
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Period of U.S. history before the Civil War
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montgomery
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1st capital of the Confederacy
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Descirbe the 2nd Great Awakening
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1. began in 1801, major religous revival that impacted americas west
2. practice of evangelism-leading others to christ 3. methodist, baptist,presbyterians led the way 4. Woen played a key role 5. blakc preachers influenced southern slaves 6. "Disciples of chirst" americdan protestant denomination founded by Alexander Campell. (cambellites) |
Major religious revival
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