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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Navigation Acts
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Who: Charles 11
What: a series of laws that permitted free trade within England’s empire but restricted commerce with people outside of it. Guareenteed markets for American goods but also deprived them of other markets. Also goods had to be imported to England before they could be taken to America. When: First started in 1651 Why: First imposition of British law on Americas, at times was more enforced then others. Sparked first Anglo-dutch war. |
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John Woolman
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Quaker Reformer who thought slaveholding was a violation of Quaker values, thought slave buyers and sellers should be punished and that “liberty was the negros right” . 1753
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Marquis de Lafayette, Comte d’Estaing, & Comte de Vergennes
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French supporters of the American war of Independence. Comte de Vergennes was the French foreign minister who authorized secret aid to the American Revolutionaries (1776) d’Estaing sailed for America with a fleet of French warships (1778) and Lafayette was a major general who greatly supported the Americans he assisted in the defeat of Cornwallis at Yorktown (1781
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Joseph Brant
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Led Mohawk Indians and other Iroquois troops against Pennsylvania and NY frontier settlers in the Border War of 1777-1779. Indians used the Revolution as an opportunity to advance their own regional interests.
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Articles of Confederation
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First form of national government after declaring independence. Limited centralized powers and left decision making mostly to the states. Forbid sustaining a military force after the war ended. Each State had one vote and law changes required 9/13 votes and an unanimous vote to change the articles. 1777
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Federalist v Anti-Federalist
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Disagreed over how much power the federal government should have over states. Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison thought the Constitution should be ratified giving federal government more power. Wrote the Federalists Papers in support of the Constitution. Waged a newspaper and pamphlet war. Took place during the ratification of the constitution which took effect in 1789
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"Beaver Wars"
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Devestation from the small pox epidemic (1639-40) launched a conflict between the Iroquois and Huron that raged for 9 years. Hunting grounds was often the objective.
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Task v Gang System
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1750- SC plantations implemented the task system, assigned slaves a daily or weekly work quota, once they met it they could tend to their own gardens, raise chickens, or weave baskets. Could sell what they made or grew. Slaves who worked under the gang system, commonly tobacco slaves, had more independence then the task system. Slaves had unequal opportunity to earn money, the more marketable the skills the better chances. Skilled slaves were mostly men, while women sold slave goods in markets.
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Daniel Morgan
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Subcommander of Nathaniel Greene, engaged Cornwallis in three open battles in 1781. Lost all three battles but inflicted major damage on Cornwallis’ combined forces. Some of the heaviest causalities of the war- weakened for Yorktown
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Code Noir
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extended by French King Louis XV in 1724, (est. 1685) to Louisiana. Required slave masters to provide a minimum amount of food and clothing and allow access to religious instruction. Slaves were to be baptized and married. Mostly unenforced. Gave free blacks many rights of free whites but also discriminated by banning interracial marriages and imposing fines on parents of mix-raced children
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John Locke
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Secretary of South Carolina, laid out their principles in the Fundamental Constitutions. Enlightenment philosopher that thought government must protect peoples rights to persue life, liberty, and prosperity. 1690
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Columbian Exchange
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Who: Started when Christopher Columbus began exploration in America
What: Exchange of goods, things, ideas between New World and Europe, Europeans get corn, syphilis, ect. Indians get smallpox, domesticated animals, sugar. New animals bring new disease. When: around 1493 when Columbus goes back to America’s to colonize Why: Changed lives of both sides, made new products available to both people but also caused diseases, smallpox almost completely wiped out some cultures. |
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Samuel de Champlain
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Who: French Explorer
What: Sets up fortification in Quebec When: 1608 Why: Becomes a major trading post for furs and leads the way to French colonization in North America |
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Jamestown
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Who: Founded by the Virginia Company, led by John Smith
What: early British Settlement, trouble with survivors so colonials being to interact with the Native Americans for help (Powhatan) Starving times almost kill off all the colonists When: Founded May 6, 1607 Why: Later becomes a major location for the growth of Tobacco, one of the first British colonies |
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Tobacco
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Who: Discovered by John Rolfe
What: Finds a strain of tobacco to grow in Jamestown, becomes the major stable export and way to make money When: 1612 Why : People making money leads to class division in Jamestown, also the first slaves on American soil are brought here to farm tobacco. |
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Bacon's Rebellion
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Who: Nathaniel Bacon
What: Violence has been spreading between Indians and colonists, Bacon wanted land and money and wasn’t happy with the way Indian fights had been handled because it hurt trade. Rallied a group and marched on Jamestown, burning it down When: 1675-1676 Why: Bacon soon died and the rebellion fizzled out, Berkley retakes control of Jamestown and hangs 23 rebels, sparks land reforms and causes an expansion of slavery instead of indentured servants |
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John Rolfe
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Who: Jamestown colonialist, one of the wealthiest, discovers tobacco, marries Pocahontas, deals with Powhatan attacks
When: one of the first colonists of Jamestown, with John Smith |
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Puritans
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Who: religious group that believes in simplicity and wanted to escape elaborate services, early settlers of Massachusetts
What: Two groups; separatists want to completely break from the church (kicked out of England) and settle in Plymouth, congressionalist want to reform the church and settle Massachusetts Bay, When: Around the 1620s-1630s Why: Religious movement is one of the major reasons for colonization, |
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"A Modell of Christian Charity..."
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Who: John Winthrop
What: a sermon given on the ship Arabella on the way to the Massachusetts bay colony, famously known for describing America as a “city on a hill” or a superior, exceptional place. When: 1629 Why: Wants to create a place away from religious prosecution, a haven for the prosecuted Puritans, wants a superior and perfect community |
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King Philips War
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Who: John Eliot, Metacomet, John Sassamon
What: John Eliot tries to convert the Indians. Metacomet (chief of an Indian tribe) revolts against the converstion. John Sassamon, an Indian who had been educated at Harvard is found dead, English blame the Indians and hang some, Indians retaliate, the English shoot someone. A very bloody and violent war. When: 1675-76 Why: Metacomets wife is sold into slavery and Metacomet is captured, he escapes but then is killed. English victory proves economic, political, and social power and breaks the back on Indian resistance |
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Massachuesetts Bay
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Who: 700 people, 11 ships, 200 die on the way there
What: Major colony, settled by Puritans When: 1629 Why: Boston becomes a major port, establish a General Court, which sets up a legislative body of three men who choose a governor |
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Salem Witch Trials
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Who: Tituba, Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne
What: witch trials have been going on, 300 have been accused, 30 killed. A group of girls who are obsessed with Titubas traditions begin to act strangely and blame the women of witchcraft. This fuels a spark of accusations that leads to 19 people being hung and 1 person stoned for witchcraft. When: 1691-92 Why: There were many reasons why people were accused, local feuds, gender issues, Indian attacks. People were playing off the fears of others to solve problems. |
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Yamasee War
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Who: Yamasee Indians, Creeks, and South Carolina
What: Yamasee want repayment for their help in the Tuscarora War. The Yamasee and Creeks attack South Carolina When: 1712 Why: Carolinas and Indians have an unstable relationship, alternate between helping each other and fighting |
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Middle Passage
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Who: Europeans and Africans
What: The length of ocean between Africa and the Americas where many slaves were shackled together and forced to ride really close for 4-6 weeks. 25% mortality rate. 8-12 million slaves were taken in total. Half went to the Caribbean and a third to Brazil. When: Early 1700s |
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Salutary Neglect
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Who: Robert Walpole (prime minister of England)
What: thought that the colonies should be left alone and given freedom and room to grow. Decided to ignore Navigation acts from the 1690s When: 1750s Why: Allowed for the Americas to prosper with trade |
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Benjamin Franklin
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Who: Enlightenment thinker in Pennsylvania from Boston, believes in rationality, rational truth, and individual freedom. Diatist meaning he thinks God created the world to be rational.
When: 1706-1790 Why: Enlightenment thoughts were shared by many of our founding fathers and established the principles on which America was created. Created schools and inventions. |
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Sugar Act
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Who: George Grenvile (British Prime Minister who creates a lot of taxes)
What: reduces molasses duty by 50% but adds indigo, coffee, wine, textiles and other taxes. Wants to reduce smuggling and make more money off the colonies When: 1764 Why: sparks the no taxation without representation sentiment |
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Stamp Act
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What: Stamp on all paper products saying that a tax had been paid, first attempt to tax something completely internal. Administrators are appointed to enforce the tax
When: 1765 Why: Sparks many protest movements against the act. Colonists separate to Whigs (who opposed British taxes and Tories) Protests such as the Virginia Resolutions and others |
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Andrew Oliver
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Who: Administrator of tax stamps in Boston
What: Targeted by protestors, they hung a dummy of him in the trees and destroyed his home. He resigned the next day. When: 1765 Why: Shows that the colonist can join together to protest British decisions. Leads to the Stamp Act Congress where 9 of the 13 colonies meet- want trial by jury, no taxation without representation, and the stamp acts repealed. Act is repealed but soon replaced with others |
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Coercive Acts
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What: A response to the Boston Tea Party, also called the Intolerable Acts. Sets in place the Boston Port Act, where Boston has to pay for lost tea, the Quartering Act, which says anyone has to provide provisions to British soldiers, and the Massachusetts Government Act, which gives them appointed not elected officials, disbands all town meetings, and gives them an appointed jury.
When: 1773-74, after the Boston Tea Party Why: Angers colonists and becomes a major spark of talks of revolution |
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Thomas Paine
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Who: recent immigrant to the colonies
What: Writes and circulates Common Sense which says that the King is responsible for the Revolutionary War and encourages people to renounce alligence to the king. When: Early Revolutionary War, 1775-1776 Why: shows how print items are circulating and shaping American thoughts and culture |
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Second Constitutional Congress
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What: Meeting after start of war, select George Washington as the commander of the Continental army. Create Olive Branch Petition, which is America’s last attempt to reconcile with Britain, try to make peace but King George refuses to read it and declares America in an open state of rebellion
When: May 10, 1775 Why: Marks official beginning to the war |
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Declaration of Independence
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Who: Written by Thomas Jefferson, help from Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman
What: a public rationale for independence. Based on the idea of basic human rights; life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Also all men are created equal and no taxation without representation. When: Officially announced and goes to print July 4, 1776 |
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Yorktown
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Who: Cornwallis, Washington and Lafayette
What: Last major battle of the Revolution. Cornwallis tries to get to NY for supplies, French fleet blocks them in. Washington comes from the North and Lafayette from the south and lay siege on Yorktown When: September October 1781 Why: Cornwallis is forced to surrender to Washington, winning the revolutionary war for America |
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Treaty of Paris 1783
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Who: John Adams, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin
What: treaty ending the war. America is recognized as an independent country by Great Britain and the border is set at the Mississippi River, Florida is returned to Spain, Britaish are allowed to claim prewar debts. When: September 1783 |
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Newburgh Conspiracy
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Who: Revolutionary war veterans
What: Not getting paid or land for war, want to stage a military coup with Washington’s helps. Washington refuses to help, afraid it would unravel what they had worked for. Uses prestige to get the veterans their pay and squash the conspiracy When: 1783 |
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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What: Regulates land surveys and sales in the north west. Grids land up into townships, and townships are divided up and told. Regulates portions to be dedicated to certain things such as schools.
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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What: Replaces land ordinance of 1784. Develops the North West to be between 3-5 states. Each area gets a governor, secretary, and judges appointed by congress. Establishes the process for becoming a state. A Bill of Rights, guaranteeing religious freedom and representation is established as well as a permanent ban on slavery.
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Virginia Plan
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Who: James Madison
What: Proposition for federal structure, requests separate legislative and judicial branches. Wants a bicameral legislative body where the upper house is chosen by citizens and the lower house chosen by states. Thinks all representation should be based on population. When: Constitutional Convention of 1787 Why: Countered with the New Jersey Plan- the Connecticut Compromise wins out with a lower house chosen by citizens based on population, and a upper house chosen by the state with equal representation |
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Three-Fifths Compromise
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What: Guidelines for counting slaves and blacks for voting. Southerners had a large slave population and wanted to have their votes count fully. Decided that a full vote would be counted for free people and others counted as 3/5 a vote.
When: Constitutional Convention of 1787 Why: Established a limit of slave trade to go to effect in 1808 |
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Johnathan Edwards
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Evangelical minister who merged Pietism with emotional preaching and brought it to New England Puritans, sparked a revival of religious enthusiasm in Connecticut River Valley in 1730s.
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George Washington
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Appointed head of Continental Army by the 2nd Continental Congress in 1775. Had experience in past wars. Led the US through the revolution
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